Risk Factor Model

Esophageal carcinoma, the eighth most common cancer in the world, includes squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma (Sun, Lin, Chen, Liang, &Hsieh, 2015; American Cancer Society, 2015). Squamous cell carcinoma is simply damaged esophageal cells; however, adenocarcinoma occurs when glandular cells replace squamous cells in the esophagus (American Cancer Society, 2015). While squamous cell carcinoma was once the most common form of esophageal carcinoma in the United States, adenocarcinoma has taken its place with speculation placed towards the increase of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (Baldwin, 2015). These two manifestations of cancer account for approximately 90% of diagnosed esophageal cancers, while the remaining 10% of esophageal

From 1998 to 2003, the incidence rates for HPV-associated cancers of the tonsils and tongue increased 3.0% per year, while non-HPV cancers of the mouth and throat decreased during this time (Ramqvist and Dalianis, 2010).

Oral cancer is a devastating disease. Over eight thousand American lives are taken by oral cancer and only a fourth of these patients do not excessively drink alcohol or smoke tobacco, which are the two main causes of oral cancer (The Oral Cancer Foundation). Survival rates for oral cancer could be much higher if the population would take precautionary measures to reduce their chances of being diagnosed with oral cancer. When the use of alcohol and tobacco are decreased, the chances of acquiring oral cancer are also decreased. By visiting the dentist at least once every year, new lesions could be found. Unfortunately, only seven percent of the population, who visits the dentist regularly, receives a thorough oral cancer exam(The Oral

In the United States alone, an estimated 34,360 people received a diagnosis of oropharyngeal cancer in 2007; of these, 7,550 (5,180 men and 2,370 women) died. On average, more than 25% of people who develop oropharyngeal cancer will die of the disease, with only 60% surviving for more than 5 years. In fact, oropharyngeal cancer is as common as leukemia and claims more lives than either melanoma or cervical cancer. Since the mid-1970s, oropharyngeal cancer rates have increased approximately 15%, with significant disparities in some population groups. For instance, oropharyngeal cancer prevalence is significantly higher in males than in females. Prevalence is also higher in Hispanic and black males than it is in white males. The risk of oropharyngeal cancer increases with age, and occurrence is highest in persons older than 50 years and peaks between ages 60 and 70 years. However, there has been a startling 5-fold increase in the incidence of oral cancer in patients younger than 40 years, many of whom have no known risk factors. HPV is associated with 15% to 35% of head and neck cancers worldwide. Fifty percent to 90% of OSCCs in the pharynx, tonsil, and tongue are HPV-positive. Chaturvedi and colleagues investigated the impact of HPV on the

Oral squamous cell carcinomas are rapid in growth and are not due to sunlight exposure. Refusal to eat due to the tumors on the tongue and/or surrounding gums, drooling, bad breath, and swollen lymph nodes, are symptoms. Oral carcinoma’s needs to be diagnosed early. If not, the prognoses is not good and death is eminent.

Nearly 40,000 people in the U.S. will be diagnosed with oral cancer this year, and almost 8,000 will die from the disease, according to the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR). Although, these are statistics may seem daunting, there is good news: An oral cancer prognosis can be greatly improved with early detection and well-timed treatment.

Incidence data were obtained from population-based cancer registries, which may cover entire national populations but more often covered small

squamous cell carcinoma of cervix:accounts for the vast majority (80-90%) of cases and is associated with exposure to human papilloma virus (HPV)

Malignant neoplasm of head & neck (ICD-10-CM - C76.0) – The head and neck cancers start in the mucosal surfaces involving the squamous cells. The cancers are predominant in the mouth, nose and throat. Some of the symptoms include lumps, sore throat, hoarse voice and trouble swallowing. It is noted than head and neck cancers are more common in men that in women. Tobacco use, alcohol intake and infection by human papilloma virus increase the risk of head and neck cancer (Woźniak et al., 2012).

Papillary squamous cell carcinoma is a rare variety of squamous cell carcinoma which is very rarely found in the oral cavity(1-5). 1

Nevertheless, the low prevalence of sinonasal malignancy is supplemented by a great diversity of neoplasms that may arise in the anatomically complex region. Further, the rarity and peculiar features of some of these neoplasms lends itself to a greater risk of misdiagnosis 1. For these reasons, sinonasal malignancies remain a challenging area for pathologists and head and neck surgeons alike. Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related carcinoma with adenoid cystic-like features is a relatively recently described type of sinonasal carcinoma related to HPV. This subtype has morphologic overlap with basaloid squamous cell carcinoma, it, however, can be distinguished by absence of squamous differentiation, surface level epithelial dysplasia, as well as a significant ductal component on histologic analysis. In this case series we present two patients with HPV-related carcinoma with adenoid cystic-like

Squamous Cell Carcinoma: It is commonly found in the middle parts of esophagus. This is the most prevalent esophageal cancer worldwide. Squamous cell carcinomas are generally attributed to Heavy Drinking & Excessive Smoking.

Cancer of the mouth is a designation that includes cancer of the lip and oral cavity, involving the buccal mucosa, Ginger-va, hard palate, tongue and floor of the mouth. According to the National Cancer Institute (2008) (1), cancer is the 3rd leading cause of death in Brazil, it is estimated that in the years 2008 and 2009, will be diagnosed more than 14,160 new cases of cancers of the oral cavity, between men and women, in a ratio of 3: 1 for males.

The Pittsburgh Cervical Cancer Screening Model (PCCSM) was used to estimate cancer risks for patients screened

Though specific subject selection criteria are not mentioned in the article, subject selection bias is not observed as cases reported in this article include both sexes, age range reported is broad from 31 to 70 years old the location and clinical appearance of each oral lesion were different. Author has reported and discussed each case and analyzed similarities and differences in all case reports. As per my opinion this study has following issues: