Stress Fracture Research Paper

The bones are made up of two minerals, including calcium. Calcium is critical in order to maintain the level of bone mass to support structures of the body. If calcium is truncated in other regions of the body then it will be released from the bones into the bloodstream sending it to the appropriate destination. Bones begin to weaken if an insufficient amount of calcium is not consumed. The body will discontinue absorbing calcium if an abundant amount of calcium is consumed, in which vitamin D aids this process.

Stress fractures are small cracks in the bone that often develop from overuse, and typically occur in the weight-bearing bones of the foot and lower leg

Having high and low levels of calcium in the body affects the body differently. Hypercalcemia is the medical term for high blood calcium. Having too much calcium in the body can lead to an increased risk of kidney stones, constipation, nausea, and high blood pressure. People with hypercalcemia may also have stomach, muscle and joint pain. Very severe hypercalcemia can cause symptoms of brain dysfunction such as confusion, emotional disturbances, delirium, hallucinations, and coma. Irregularly low calcium levels in the blood are known as hypocalcaemia. Your bones and teeth will begin to deteriorate because your body takes the calcium that is stored in your bones to carry out the functions that are dependent on calcium. Hypocalcaemia can cause fragile bones, brittle nails and can cause frequent muscle cramps. It can also cause joint pain, and put you at risk for bone disease as you age. Low calcium levels can put you at higher risks for high blood pressure or hypertension as well as poor

There are a plethora of health issues that contribute to bone loss, such as nutrition (low calcium consumption) and rarely engaging in exercise, people who have an unhealthy lifestyle such as smoking or extreme alcohol usage are also at risk. “Bone loss in adolescence and early adulthood can be a result of a failure to attain peak bone mineral density, and accelerated bone loss may be particularly noted around menopause and in later years” (Lin, 2014, para. 1). Though the exact cause is unknown, additional sources may include latent health disorders such as thyroid problems.

this, bones become weak and could break from a fall or, in graver cases, from sneezing

Also, overly active endocrine glands that produce hormones, such as the thyroid which produces thyroid hormone, parathyroid glands that produce parathyroid hormone, and the adrenal glands, that produce many “stress” hormones such as epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, have been linked to decreased bone health and risk of osteoporosis. The pituitary gland located on the bottom of your brain releases many hormones, but a notable one linked to osteoporosis is known as growth hormone.

Femaleathletetriad.org states that one of the causes is weakened bones, which, in the most severe form, is known as osteoporosis. This state of weakened bones leads to an increased risk for injury, especially when it comes to stress fractures (femaleathletetriad.org). Many runners get stress fractures in their shins, located on the most forward side of the calves. Stress fractures originate mainly from over exercising with not enough recovery, not eating properly balanced meals, or from a mixture of the two. I can personally advocate for this, as a few years ago on my own cross country team a sophomore girl cut meat and milk out of her diet while continuing to do the very demanding varsity practices. Because she lacked the protein and calcium to fuel her muscle and bones, she developed a very bad case of shin splints, making it nearly impossible to run at her full

Fractures in the area such as distal radius, ribs and vertebrae are likely to happen due to the spongy bone becoming thin and sparse. The bone may collapse or become misshapen. Height may decrease due to the vertebral collapse. Broken hips are seen usually in older women. The complications from fractures are the high causes of death (McCance & Crowther-Radulewicz, 2012).

same amount of bone being replaced is equivalent to the same amount of bone that is

a) Serum calcium is typically normal in patient with osteoporosis this is a wrong statement because calcium plays an important role in the bone remodeling process, and the deficiency of calcium leads to impaired bone deposition. So, patient with osteoporosis has low bone strength as a result of calcium deficiency.

One of the functions of calcium is bone and tooth formation. My low intake of calcium will affect my bone and toot formation.

There are numerous factors that contribute to the development of this horrible disease, but the most important factor is vitamin D deficiency. When the minerals in osteoid crystallize, they require adequate concentration of calcium and phosphate. When the concentration is not at the correct level, ossification does not proceed normally (Huether & McCance, 2008). Vitamin D regulates the absorption of calcium from the intestine. When there is a lack of vitamin D, the concentration of calcium begins to fall (Huether & McCance, 2008). The body begins to regulate this calcium drop by increases the amount of PTH synthesis and secretion (Huether & McCance, 2008). An increase of PTH causes a clearance of phosphate and without the correct levels of phosphate mineralization of the bones cannot proceed in the correct manor (Huether & McCance, 2008). The abnormality of bone growth can occur in spongy and compact bone (Mayo

Osteoporosis (OP) is a disease characterized by a low bone mass density (BMD) and a structural deterioration of bone tissue, which in most cases lead to bone fragility and increase the susceptibility to fractures (Epstein, 2006). The prevalence of OP rises with age and is more common in women than men and becomes a serious problem in postmenopausal women (Ramsubeik et al. 2013). Most cases of OP occur in postmenopausal women due to the dramatic estrogen withdrawal associated with menopause (He et al., 2010). The decrease of BMD with age is due to the increase of parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion which results (Young et al.; 1987; Chapuy et al., 1987) from vitamin D deficiency and a low calcium adequate nutrition, especially Ca intake, plays a major role in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis (Rizzol, 2008; Verenna, 2007) Beyond the hormonal and gene regulation, several dietary habits play a role in Ca absorption, carbohydrates, and potassium is significantly associated with fractional Ca absorption (FCA) and net Ca absorption (Ramsubeik et al. 2013).

A stress fracture is a tiny fracture in a bone in your foot that develops slowly. This is different from a sudden injury or broken bone. For a stress fracture to develop, you have to have repeated stress on your feet. This might happen if you begin running for a longer time than usual without gradually building up to the new distance. You might also get a stress fracture if you frequently run in worn out shoes or shoes that don't support your feet properly. When your foot isn't supported when you run, your muscles get fatigued and pass

If you don’t get enough calcium or vitamin D, you could possibly get osteoporosis. Having this can make it very easy to break bones because they just become so fragile. It’s easy to prevent it, like getting enough of calcium and vitamin D helps, but also exercise does, and not smoking and drinking in an excess amount of alcohol. Millions of people in the United States have this condition, or they are at a high risk of getting it due to them having a low bone mass. No one wants their bones to be able to break so easily I’m sure, and I read that a person who gets osteoporosis can take some medication to help rebuild their bone mass and try to get it better. I don’t know of anyone personally who has this, or I might, but they just might not have told me about it yet, but to make sure that I don’t get it, or at least try to make sure I don’t get it, I try to exercise as much as possible and drink as much milk as I