Tetrahymena Ink

Purpose: The purpose of this lab was to calculate the amount of time that was spent by a cell in each of the phases of mitosis. Also, it is used to be able to compare the process of mitosis between plant and animal cells.

The cell membrane (Plasma membrane) functions to provide cell support, cell stability and control entry and exit of materials from the cell. This study was conducted to test the effects of environmental conditions such as the on beet root cell membrane (Beta vulgaris). Five trials using varied pH concentrations were tested and absorbance rates were monitored. The experimental results showed that the protein function decreased sequentially when the pH decreased. This allowed the betacyanin dye to leak out which created the color that was needed to determine the intensity and therefore the effect of the circumstances. This supported the hypothesis that the more acidic or basic the environmental condition around the beet cell, the more permeable the, membrane indicated by color intensity. Pigment leakage in the solution was analyzed by using a spectrophotometer.

Cytoplasmic streaming was measured 4 times after flushing the cells with pond water, at 5 minute intervals

Table 1 shows the contents of the bags and the content of the concentration it was submersed in. Bags 2-4 each contain a solution of both sucrose and water. These bags were each put into beakers containing hypertonic solution. These bags gained weight over time because the water moved from its high concentration inside the beaker to the low concentration inside the membrane of the artificial cell, the membrane being the bags that consisted of dialysis tubing. The

Wischusen, William, Jolissaint, Ann, Reiland, Jane, and Pomarico, Steven. 2012. Biology 1208/1209: Biological Laboratories for Science Majors. Hayden McNeil, Plymouth,

Abstract: The purpose of this lab is to separate and identify pigments and other molecules within plant cells by a process called chromatography. We will also be measuring the rate of photosynthesis in isolated chloroplasts. Beta carotene, the most abundant carotene in plants, is carried along near the solvent front because it is very soluble in the solvent being used and because it forms no hydrogen bonds with cellulose. Xanthophyll is found further from the solvent font because it is less soluble in the solvent and has been slowed down by hydrogen bonding to the cellulose. Chlorophylls contain oxygen and nitrogen and are bound more tightly to the paper than the other pigments.

The drops of crystal violets, approximately 15 drops, were flooded until the smear were all covered and then allowing resting for one to two minutes. After two minutes, the slide was titled over the sink and washed off, with the distilled water bottle, by aiming the stream of water above the smear. The specimen appeared blue-violet when observed with the naked eye. The drops of Gram’s iodine were applied on the slide until covered and then allowed to react for one minute or more. After the time elapsed, the slide was rinsed again with distilled water following immediate drops of Gram stain decolorizer added one drop at a time.

This experiment can be enhanced in many ways. The amount of alcohol used as treatments could be lessened to measure the viability of A. salina more accurately. The amount of cysts in each Petri dish was not consistent because there

Prokaryotes are ubiquitous, successfully adapting to diverse environments as well as developing symbiotic relationships with host organisms (Lengeler, Drews, & Schlegel, 1999). Prokaryotes may have both autotrophic and heterotrophic characteristics. A cyanobacteria is photosynthetic, commonly called blue-green algae, and may produce toxins (Crayton, 1993). Bacteria are most commonly associated in the general

In part II of the lab six small glass tubes were obtained in a test tube rack. Ten drops of distilled water were then added to test tube 1, five drops to tubes 2-4, and no drops in tubes 5 and 6. Five drops of 0.1M HCl were added to test tube 5 and five drops of 0.1M NaOH to test tube 6. Five drops of enzyme were then added to all tubes except tube 1. Tube 3 was then placed in the ice bucket and tube 4 was placed in the hot bucket at 80-900C for five minutes, the remaining tubes were left in the test tube rack. After the five minutes five drops of 1% starch was added to every tube and left to sit for ten minutes. After ten minutes five drops of DNSA were then added to all the tubes. All the tubes were then taken and placed in the

diH20 acted as a negative control in the experiment, all cells, both in intrafollicular zone and in interfollicular zone stained purple. Cells stained brown in the negative control indicate non-specific staining.

After asking my biology teacher many questions and making some research on the Internet, I found

When viewing the unstained cheek cells, the amount of light did not have an effect on viewing the slide; meaning that the cells were not visible until they were stained.

The molluscs comprises of the large phylum of invertebrates known as Mollusca. They are the largest marine phylum and make up approximately 23% of all marine organisms. According to Tripp (1960), molluscs possess a very effective immune system. This immune system is extremely important as it has an immediate defense against infections and microorganisms that invade its body. There are three cellular reactions that are used during internal defense in the molluscs namely; phagocytosis, nodule formation, and encapsulation. Encapsulation or nodule formation is used to handle large invaders while smaller ones are tackled by phagocytosis. Studies have shown that encapsulation is mostly used during an invasion by pathogens. Hemocytes, which replace blood in invertebrates, also have an important function in destroying these pathogens.

The fourteen collected samples of fluid included distilled water (0% seawater/ionic concentration), 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% seawater; 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% seawater in Cyclograpsus blood; and 60%, 70%, 80% and 100% seawater in Plagusia blood. 1.0 mm bore capillary tubes were cleaned and dried. Approximately 3.0 mm of each fluid was drawn into 14 different tubes, and gently tapped to ensure the fluid was moved to the middle of the tubes. The tubes were marked and sealed using Vaseline, then placed strictly in an adjacent parallel order, using Vaseline as an anchor, across a capillary level holder. Dry ice was carefully placed on the capillary tubes to freeze the fluid in the capillary tubes.