The Synthesis Of Nannomaterials

To increase both safety and to make drug delivery easy within the body, chemical engineering and biomedical communities have devised a variety of improved drug delivery techniques.

Further applications of nanoparticles technique include their use as carriers for sustained and controlled drug delivery, active and passive delivery of bioactives , vaccine delivery , and gene silencing (Faraji and Wipf, 2009) .

Nanotechnology is "the design, characterisation, production and application of structure, devices or systems by controlled manipulation of size and shape at the nanoscale." (Nanomed, 2005) This should produce a structure or device with at least one new or superior characteristic. The nanoscale is less than 100nm. CNTs have shown a great deal of potential use as nano carriers for delivering anti cancer drugs directly to the sight of action. However, CNTs must be functionalized, as pure CNTs are difficult to incorporate into biological structures due to their insolubility and their tendency to bundle up. There are two main ways to functionalize CNTs yet the best method is by oxidation leading to carboxyl based couplings. The tube caps openings are created and holes in the side wall form by process of oxidation involving strong acids. These carboxylic group allow covalent coupling with other molecules by amide or ester bonds (see figure 2.1) as a result, CNTs can be conjugated with anti cancer drugs. It is a benefit to functionalize CNTs as "functionalized CNTs have been shown in many studies to be able to cross cell membranes" (Pantarotte et al.) this means that CNTs can now be used to deliver anti cancer drugs into direct cells.

The study mainly focuses on the nanocomposite based coronary stents and their interaction with arteries in which they are implanted and the blood flow that occurs through them. Hence the arteries and blood need to be mathematically modeled in order to use them in analysis software. The interactions between anisotropic hyperelastic materials with non Newtonian fluid blood involve intricate challenges. A lot of non linearities are involved in the models. The mathematical models used to model hyperelastic arteries and non Newtonian fluid is discussed in this chapter. Further the simulations carried out on static stent interactions with arteries and plaque is discussed.

Innovation is the key word in the present era. As scientists are engrossed in development of newer drug molecules, there has also been a continuous demand for the development of delivery forms for these drugs. The main focus is on achieving reduced dosage and to make the drugs more cost effective.

Nanomaterials including ZnO NPs and silica based nanomaterials can enter the body through different routes via intraperitonial, intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, oral or by inhalation. After entering inside the body, NPs can cause pulmonary toxicity (Kaewamatawong et al., 2006; Jacobsen et al., 2015), hepatotoxicity (Mansouri et al., 2015; Watson et al., 2015), immunotoxicity (Kim et al., 2014), neurotoxicity (Karmakar et al., 2014), renal toxicity (Ben-Slama et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2015) and reprotoxicity (Xu et al., 2014). Due to their nanosize range, nanoparticles can cross the blood-testis and blood-brain barrier, and also have the trans-placental ability (De Jong et al., 2008; Lankveld et al., 2010). After crossing the

This presentation will introduce you to the use and function of Carbon Nanotubes in the delivery of pharmaceuticals in medicine. Nanotechnology is a developing science that involves the manipulation of materials. This is executed on the scale of fewer than 100 nanometers. The goal of this technology is to optimise the utility and therefore increase the control of atoms and molecules. This presentation will explain what carbon nanotubes are, the purpose of using them in the delivery of pharmaceuticals in medicine and of course how they have improved scientific research so far.

Advantages in nanoparticle drug delivery include improved pharmacokinetics, reduced side effects and longer circulation half-lives.1 In addition, nanoparticles may be able to achieve improved delivery of sparingly water soluble compounds by delivering a small particle size to increase the total surface area of the drugs allowing faster dissolution in the blood stream. These benefits have made therapeutic nanoparticles a promising candidate to replace conventional chemotherapeutic protocol, eliminating toxic agents and dose-limiting side effects which pose a threat to healthy tissues. The purpose of this review article on nanoparticles is to show the promise of delivering a range of molecules to desired sites in the body to treat cancer. In addition, it highlights numerous areas of opportunity where nanotechnology could enable innovative classes of therapeutics.

Nanomedicine, the application of nanotechnology in medicine has attracted a great deal of attention in the field of drug delivery and tissue engineering over the past few decades. This increasing interest in nanomedicine is driven by its potential to revolutionize the treatment of some prevalent global disease such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and diabetes in safer and more effective ways [1, 2]. Nanotechnology refers to the engineering of materials at the atomic, molecular, and supramolecular levels in at least one dimension from 1–100 nanometers [3]. The manipulation of matter at the nanoscale to fabricate materials with modified and new properties is a rapidly growing field of research with

Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructure lipid carriers are among the most explored nano sized drug delivery systems. They posses potentials for myriad applications such as targeting DD, controlled DD, absorption enhancement (Müller, Radtke et al. 2002). They can be formulated in most of treatment routes, from topical dosage forms to brain drug delivery. Because of their lipophilic nature, lipid nanoparticles have great potential to incorporate sparingly soluble APIs to modulate therapies. Lipid nanoparticles preparation can be categorized into solvent based or non-solvent techniques (Mehnert and Mäder 2001). The later technique can further be divided into two

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4: magnetite), as an important and only member of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), that approved for clinical use (Watanabe et al., 2013). Magnetite has been widely attracted the intensive research in biotechnology and biomedicine in recent years due to their significant magnetic, electronic, optical and unique features such as low toxicity and biocompatibility properties (Pottler et al., 2015; Lu et al., 2010). Iron oxides nanoparticles (IONPs) such as Fe3O4 is the most-studied for many technological applications such as high sensitivity biomolecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Bulte et al., 2001), in vivo targeted drug delivery and gene transfer systems (Sunderland et al., 2006,

Therefore, various efforts have been focused on the design and synthesis of Cu2O-based nanocomposite materials to achieve high photochemical stability and improve the charge separation ability for high photocatalytic efficiency. In this context, the fabrication of Cu2O materials with noble metal nanoparticles is an efficient approach to improve the photocatalytic efficiency, as the schottky barrier developed at the heterojunction interface inhibits the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes in photocatalytic reactions. Further, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of noble metal nanoparticles also enhances the photocatalytic efficiency by increasing the absorption of photons on the surface of the catalyst. However, the use of stabilizing/capping agents for the synthesis of noble metal-semiconductor nanocomposite materials decreases the catalytically active surface area by aggregating on its surface and cause lower catalyst contact with the reactant molecules. Further, surfactants affect the shape, size, and growth of the deposited metal nanoparticles and prompt the formation of large sized aggregated nanoparticles with low photochemical stability and reduced catalytic efficiency. In this context, graphene oxide (GO) was used as an efficient support for Cu2O-based NCs, because of its large surface area, high electron conductivity, and high optical transparency to achieve enhanced photochemical stability

In the case of inorganic silica nanoparticle, there are two general approaches for surface modification to drug delivery through the BBB. First, hydrophilic Silica surfaces can be coated by hydrophobic ORMOSIL (organically modified silica) to cross the BBB after administration in blood circulation [74]. For instance,

The transition from micro-particles to nano-particles opened a window to colossal changes in properties of the materials. Nanomaterials show novel characteristics that make them feasible for the improvement and development of new technologies. Thereby, nanostructures enclose a great potential for application in fields like electronics, optoelectronics, magnetic storage, tribology, and biomedicine [1]. Practical adaptation of nanoparticles for specific applications frequently requires complex designs.

My scholarly research interests center on interdisciplinary science education for both undergraduate science majors and non-science majors. Molecular assembly is a key feature of natural and engineered supramolecular materials. Highly selective biomolecular recognition can guide the formation of “smart” bioinspired materials,1 playing fundamental roles in the development of novel supramolecular designs, bio-conjugated hybrid nanostructures, and self-assembled soft matter with potential use in mechanical, optical, and electronic materials,2 sophisticated catalysts,3 energy harvesters,4,5 and innovative therapeutics.6,7 My research interests center on bioactive macromolecules that share the same nanoscale dimensions as synthetic