The physical characteristics of participants are presented in table 1. Although there was no

Functional Aerobic Impairment (FAI) was the next value looked at. FAI assesses the difference between a people’s aerobic capacity based on age, gender, and usual activity level. It’s measured by a percentage and used to determine the level of aerobic impairment a test subject may have (Franklin, 1989). There are five different categories that the different percentages fall under: no significance, mild, moderate, marked, and extreme. Looking at the results above, all but one of the females had a negative percentage, while all of the males had positive percentages. The lower the FAI score or percentage the better, this means the test subject has a higher VO_2max than what was predicted, giving them a better health status. The negative values,

Introduction: In this experiment, cardiovascular fitness is being determined by measuring how long it takes for the test subjects' to return to their resting heart rate. Cardiovascular fitness is the ability to "transport and use oxygen while exercising" (Dale 2015). Cardiovascular fitness utilizes the "heart, lungs, muscles, and blood working together" while exercising (Dale 2015). It is also how well your body can last during moderate to high intensity cardio for long periods of time (Waehner 2016). The hypothesis is that people who exercise for three or more days will return to their resting heart rate much faster than people who only exercise for less than three days.

It is to be hypothesised that participants with a greater Vo2 Max (oxygen capacity) will display superior 5k running performance and that there will be a moderate relationship between the two variables.

Bulbulian R, Jeong JW, Murphy M (1996). Comparison of Anaerobic Components of the Wingate and Critical Power Tests in Males and Females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Vol 28:1336-1341

This study examined the effects of jump rope training on maximal oxygen uptake (referred to as VO2Max). Previous studies show that “jumping rope can also be used to develop the coordination of neuromuscular skills, muscle strength, and cardiovascular endurance. It burns calories and builds strength in the upper and lower body” (Duzgun, 2010, pg. 184). The researcher hypothesized that these benefits of jump rope training would result in an increased VO2Max. Before testing, a single participant took a treadmill VO2Max pretest. The participant followed a jump rope training schedule for six weeks. After training, the participant took a posttest. The pretest and posttest showed a VO2Max increase of 1.1 ml/kg/min. These results indicate that jump

After recordings subjects’ measurements and fitting the bikes to the subjects’ leg lengths, each subject sat on their own bike wearing a heart rate monitor that the technician operated. After five minutes of subjects sitting on cycle ergometer, resting blood pressure and HR was recorded. Subjects then started the experiment, peddling on cycle ergometer for three minutes with no resistance with a steady rhythm. In order to keep subjects pedaling at a constant rhythm, a metronome was used with a speed set at 60 beats per minute (bpm). There were a total of five stages of three minutes intervals. Each stage having resistance increased steadily ranging from 50 Watts (W) at first stage, 75W at second stage, 100W at third stage, and 150W at fourth stage. Fifth stage was a recovery stage, also 3 minute in length, but with 50W decreased resistance. Measures were taken during recovery stage to ensure that the participant is recovering appropriately. 3(p.201) HR and BP were recorded at the last 30 second of every stage, using a stethoscope and blood pressure

In addition a small rise in breathing rate and this is called anticipatory rise, this happens when exercising. The average reading for breaths per minute during exercise is 23-30. This shows that with more blood pumping through the body more oxygen is needed to keep the body at a sustainable rate to help our body create more energy. Our breathing rate will keep increasing until

The Balke treadmill test was used to estimate your maximum VO2 measurement, and to determine your aerobic fitness percentile. Based on your time and the chart corresponding to your age on page ninety-three of the ACSM guidelines book, your VO2 maximum would be about nineteen and a half milliliters per kilogram of body weight per minute of oxygen [1]. This is the

During exercise there is an increase in cardiac output, which corresponds to an increase in maximal oxygen consumption. With the increase in oxygen consumption, a greater increase in blood flow occurs. This means there is more oxygen circulating in the blood for the tissues to take up. Due to the increase in blood flow, vasoconstriction of arterioles occurs to maintain mean arterial pressure (Bassett & Edward, 1997). This limits oxygen consumption because some of the blood flow is directed to the brain and skin. It is further pointed out that the heart is another limiting factor because it determines how much blood and oxygen are supplied to the muscles especially when blood flow exceeds maximal cardiac output (Bassett & Edward,

Physical activity patterns differ between human populations. Some populations can vary physically as well as biologically. Many of the different phenotypes humans express depend on variables like genetics, geographic location, and culture just to name a few. These variables lead to biomechanical differences in humans such as increased oxygen uptake, varying anthropometrics, as well as minute differences in DNA. These physical alterations help populations in vastly different environmental and cultural conditions survive. One physical activity pattern that we see significant variation between two populations is long-distance running. Here I compare the proximate-mechanistic variation of oxygen intake levels as well as the genetic differences of runners from Africa to runners from other continents.

including running on a treadmill to exhaustion were performed on fifteen participants to record their maximal heart rate and oxygen consumption. Participants ages ranged from 8 to 28 years, and body fat percentages from 14.9% to 33%. After the first tests were completed and the participants allowed their rates to reach normal levels then endured simulated 30 minute motocross races to measure biochemical and functional alterations caused by the racing heat. The results of that test displayed that every one of the participants spent at least 87% of the

Two mechanisms that increase oxygen consumption during physical activity, is the increased total quantity of blood pumped by the heart and the ability to use the already existing large quantities of oxygen carried by the blood6. An increased total quantity of blood pumped by the heart, also known as cardiac output, at maximum has a direct correlation with VO2max6. A near proportionate increase in maximum cardiac output increases in VO2max with in endurance trained and un-trained individuals has been distingushed6. This relationship suggests with physical activity VO2max is increased through an increase of cardiac output.

VO2 max is the highest rate at which oxygen can be taken up and utilised by the body during exercise (Bassett and Howley, 2000). It is how CV fitness is measured. Studies show that for sedentary older adults undertaking aerobic training, VO2 has a net increase of 3.78+/-0.28 mL.kg-1.min-1. This is a long term effect, and the best results come after over 20 weeks of aerobic training. (Huang et al., 2004).

The results of this test show that it provides a valid test to estimate aerobic capacity and shows there is a small measurement of error. A polar heart rate monitor was used to measure the heart rate with a step of 30cm in height with a metronome with a beat at 15 steps, per minute and increased by 5 steps every minute for 5 stages or until 80% of the maximum estimated heart rate was reached. The results demonstrated that the Chester Step technique is a valid predictor of aerobic capacity in males and females from a wide range of ages and fitness levels.

An athlete with a VO2 max of 65 ml/kg/min will be able to perform at a high level for a longer duration than an athlete with a VO2 max of 40 mL/kg/min. However, this relates to aerobic work. Someone with a high VO2 max will not necessarily be able to perform at a higher capacity during resistance exercise or short-duration high-intensity work, such as sprints.A complete VO2 Fitness test can give trainers and clients the tools to set realistic goals and assess improvements. Many people are inefficient exercisers, with no understanding of what specific heart rate, intensity or duration would best help them reach their specific goals such as fat burning, endurance training, or cardio conditioning. An initial VO2 Max test can clarify the specific