This Muscle Dysfunction And Poor ZOA: Case Study

• Decreased SOB, decreased crackles in the bases of the lungs, and possibly decreased O2

The bronchial tubes increase in length and diameter during inhalation. Bronchial tubes decrease in length and diameter during exhalation. Poiseuille’s law can be applied to the lungs when the bronchial tubes become constricted due to an increase in mucus production and can decrease in size. When the bronchial tubes decrease in size and the patient is breathing, it is going to take more pressure to move the air into the swelled bronchi. If the radius of a patient’s bronchial tubes increased by sixteen percent, the pressure to move oxygen into the lungs would double. Therefore, a patient with bronchial smooth muscle constriction of sixteen percent would have to double their driving pressure to keep a constant flow rate. If swelling occurs and the patient does not increase their pressure, the amount of oxygen they are getting to their lungs will decrease. Respiratory therapists can see this taking place in patients with asthma that have excess mucus secretions.

In this essay we will consider a few major aspects of respiration. We shall first consider the interesting history of the study of respiration before moving on to our modern understanding of respiration. We will look at the structure and function of the respiratory system including the upper and lower respiratory tracts with a note on the control system. Secondly we will consider the physiology of respiration. Thirdly we will discuss some of the major common disorders and diseases which affect the system with a special focus on asthma. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF RESPIRATION Hippocrates "counted air as an instrument of the body" just as food was eaten. Galen (129-200) felt

There is also a large increase in airway resistance and a collapse of the lower airways during expiration and a decrease in the elastic recoil of the

In the second state air is expired when the intercostal muscles then relax along with the diaphram,

Previous experimental studies have suggested that absolute lung compliance increases with age [4, 11]. For example, Bozanich et al. [12], Sly et al. [13] and Kewu [8] observed that decreases in elastin containing fibers are associated with increases in lung compliance. It is likely that the effects of aging influence these two lung remodeling events differently. Also, the bulk modulus of the lung is a size-independent stiffness and is a function of the inherent physical properties of the tissue at a given lung volume. A more recent study reported that bulk modulus increased with age, approximately linearly [5, 14]. The literature review indicated that bulk modulus and shear modulus of human lungs increased with age at constant pressure. In other previous experimental studies of the aging human lung, it has been reported that the lung elastic recoil diminishes with age [4, 15, 16]. This decrease in lung elastic recoil can be inferred from variations in the structure and function of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the lung parenchyma. Additionally, a decrease in alveolar surface area [17, 18] is also associated with aging. In order to understand the mechanisms of aging, the properties of the small bronchioles and alveoli must be

Patients like Ralph has an increased airway resistance due to airway obstructions due to bronchoconstriction, mucous buildup and tissue swelling. This means that the expiratory cycle of breathing must use higher pressures of force to move air out of lungs. Work of breathing depends on the pressure changes and differences in the ventilation system of the body to move air into and out. In patients, like Ralph, with obstructive lung disease like asthma, their work of breathing is increased as they breath at higher lung volumes to move air (increased FRC). Expiration is normally effortless and does not require the use of any muscles like diaphragm or accessory muscles but depends on the elasticity of elastic connect lung tissue. In obstructive

The purpose of these experiment is to understand the coordination of cardiovascular and respiratory systems in controlling O2 and CO2 and acidity of the blood. As the heart rate is affected by the resting respiratory, the first hypothesis is when the heart is in the opposite side of its target cells, heart rate and blood pressure will increase. According the higher muscle oxygen need when exercise than normal, the second hypothesis is heart rate will increase when exercise and after that will subsequently return to baseline levels. The last hypothesis is that there is an obvious decline in heart rate during inhalation compared to exhalation.

Within the human body you have distinctive sorts of organs, for this assignment my organ chosen is the Lung. Relatively few individuals realize that the key organ of the respirator is the lungs, which carry out an exchange of gases as we breathe (Zimmermann, 2014). The normal human lung is found simply over the clavicle to the twelfth thoracic vertebrae and fills the rib cage. Despite the fact that your lungs are indistinguishable organs they are still diverse in a couple of viewpoints, for example, the measure of flaps, or even the size itself. One thing that will never hint at a change about the lungs is the methods by which they are secured in a film called the pleura. The same sort of thin tissue that lines within the inside of the chest cavity is additionally called pleura. A thin layer of liquid goes about as an ointment permitting the lungs to slip easily as they grow and contract with every breath taken (WebMD). One sort of cell that exists inside the lung is the Epithelial.

2011). Skeletal muscles have also been studied with the ARFI technique. SWV measurement showed that subjects with chronic neck pain symptoms had a stiffer trapezius muscle and SWV significantly differed across different muscles (Kuo, et al. 2013). The diaphragm is the chief inspiratory muscle. Its complex structure is continually on due, driven by respiratory control centers. The thickness of the resting diaphragm alone may not correlate with its mechanical function, as seen in dystrophy patients (De Bruin, et al. 1997). The stiffness of the diaphragm has never been studied with the ARFI/SWV method. In this work, we compared the sono-elastographic characteristics of the diaphragm in relation to other muscles in normal volunteers. Our aim was to check if the stiffness of the diaphragm depends on increasing age, body weight, and

At this stage, the volume in the lungs increases (intrapulmonary pressure) from the external intercostal muscle contracting to raise the ribs and the diaphragm depress. The diaphragm contracts by moving down increasing the area of the thoracic cavity and your intercostal muscles contract outwards resulting in the intrapulmonary volume to increase and the intrapulmonary pressure drops to 759mmHg resulting in a -1 mmHg drop. Allowing the oxygen to flow down the pressure gradient filling up the lungs. The intrapleural pressure decreases in inhalation (inspiration) when the external intercostal contract. After inspiration we have an expiration, this is where we have the diaphragm relaxing it the moves up and internal intercostal muscles and transverse thoracic muscles depress. Expiration (exhalation) results in intrapulmonary volume to decreases from 760mmHg and the intrapulmonary pressure will increase to 761 mmHg which results in a difference of +1 mmHg compared to the atmospheric pressure of 760 mmHg. Another process that is return to a normal pressure is also the intrapleural pressure once the intercostal return to a depress stage. This will then release gases back out of the lungs due to the pressure gradient where gases will move from an area of high to low. (Hasudungan,

Static lung volumes can change between different ranges depending on the intensity of inspiration and expiration. Pulmonary stretch receptors that lie throughout the smooth muscles surrounding the airways determine the maximum amount of expansion in the lungs. The stretch receptors prevent over inflation of the lungs and the maximum lung capacity through the phenomenon known as Hering-Breuer reflex (Sherwood). In contrast, the maximum amount of deflation in the lungs is dependent on the transmural pressure gradient.

Is the respiratory system functioning better or worse than it did in the previous activity? Explain why. The breathing is more shallow and incomplete. The

In air-breathing vertebrates, the tidal volume of the lungs is the amount of air normally inhaled, while the lung capacity is the maximum amount of air inhaled. In this experiment, a round balloon is utilized to measure both the tidal volume and the lung capacity. Furthermore, students explored possible factors impacting the vital capacity. Students established that body position is one factor that has an impact on vital capacity. In this case, a standing position versus a seated position, provides more room for the expansion of the chest cavity, thus allowing more air to be inhaled, resulting in increased lung capacity.

The surface marking of the lung represents the markings of the visceral pleura. The apex of the lung extends convexly upwards to a distance of approximately 2.5 cm above the junction of the medial and intermediate thirds of the clavicle. The anterior border of the right lung descends from the posterior aspect of the sternoclavicular joint, behind the sternal angle, to the level of the xiphisternal joint. The left lung has a similar course until it reaches the level of the 4th or 5th intercostal space, where it curves laterally beyond the lateral margin of the sternum to accommodate the cardiac notch. After this, the anterior border of the left lung turns sharply to the level of the xiphisternal joint. The lower lung border extends in mid-inspiration to the 6th rib in the mid-clavicular line, 8th rib in the mid-axillary line and the 10th rib posteriorly adjacent to the vertebra.