Essay on Tracking Metastasis and Tricking Cancer

Squamous carcinomas are flat cells that form inside the airways. It is usually linked to smoking. Large cell carcinomas can grow in any area of the lung. It usually grows fast and spreads rapidly.

Squamous cell carcinoma represents 30% of all lung carcinomas. A carcinomas is cancer that appears in the epithelial tissue. Epithelial tissue is mostly found in the lining of your organs, like the esophagus. Squamous cell carcinoma, or SqCc for short, is known to produce malignant tumours in the brain parenchyma.

The M category tells whether there are distant metastases (spread of cancer to other parts of body).

Another method to detect this cancer is with a Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA). Protein in the blood that is produced only by prostate cells is reflected the volume of both benign and malignant prostate tissue in the PSA. The higher the PSA level is the more likely it is that Prostate Cancer present. (“Prostate

All malignant tumors have tendency to metastasize and OSCC metastasize via lymphatic channel before any route. Sentinel lymph node(SLN) is defined as the first lymph node to which cancer cells are most likely to spread from a primary tumor and oral cancer drains first in neck nodes. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is a procedure in which the sentinel lymph node is identified, removed, and examined to determine whether cancer cells are present and can give information regarding spread of tumor. This information can help surgeons to determine the histological stage of the cancer per-operatively, and develop an appropriate treatment plan accordingly. If SLN is negative then elective neck dissection can be avoided that helps to reduce morbidity with better cosmetic outcome, preserve lymph node containing B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and other types of immune system cells, hazard of injuring nerves (spinal accessory nerve, cervical plexus, laryngeal nerve, phrenic nerve, facial nerve and lingual nerve) and vessels (internal jugular vein and tributaries, carotid artery and its branches) per-operatively.

Skin cancer: is created by a malignant growth of cells that are found on the outer layers of the skin. Quite a few types of cancers can grow in the skin. The two common ones are basal and squamous cell carcinoma. These two are preferably known as non-melanoma skin cancer.

Today, prostate cancer is usually detected through screening, and there are two methods for early detection. The prostate-specific antigen test (PSA) is used, but there are

However, for diagnosis purpose oestrogen, progesterone and HER2 antigen usually used. This marker helps to check the advancement of cancer and treatment to be carried out. Meanwhile, to estimate the outcome of the breast cancer progressiveness, the tumour marker that might involve is CA 15-3 and CA 27.29. Treatment that shows a positive outcome, the reference of serum sample will decrease subsequently. If the value of tumour marker test keeps on maintain high amount, there are chances that the treatment is not working and should be changed with another type of treatment. In addition, for early stage breast cancer that has healed, this tumour marker cannot be used to detect any recurrence cases. Thus, imaging tests can be used to rule out any recurrence breast

Sentinel lymph node biopsies are performed to reduce lymph node surgery complications and find nodal causes with commonly cutaneous tumours, and others like T1b/T2+ tumours, mucosal tumours, ocular melanoma and limb melanoma if lymph node metastasis is positive or occurs.

· Tissue: The cancer can spread from where it began by multiplying into close-by areas.

Benign tumors are one of the well-known tumors to be associated with breast cancer. Benign tumors do not spread around the body as the tumor enlarges, making it less deadly and easier to remove than others, however benign tumors are still a threat to the body. Malignant tumors, are known to be deadly. As malignant tumors enlarge it will soon spread around the body. One notably malignant tumor is called carcinoma. There two common type of carcinoma, situ and invasive. Adrian C. Bateman (2009) states that, “Both situ and invasive are present as breast mass, nipple discharge… However, in invasive carcinoma, through macroscopic examination of the tumor cell, these cell tend to be firm pale tissue that have a “gritty” consistency. Also invasive carcinoma starts close to ducts” (2). The starting point for invasive carcinoma, allows tumors to gradually infect lymph nodes (axillary nodes first) and blood that are present in the breast, eventually causing it to spread further away from the breast and possibly to other parts of the

Tumor markers and cancers cells are both produced by cancer that is the tale tell sign for the appropriate diagnosis. Tumor markers can help detect, diagnose and treat certain kinds of cancer. Doctors will biopsy, measure and test tumors to discover whether or not it is malignant or benign (“Tumor Markers). Tumor markers can reveal the stage along with the prognosis of the patient. Tumor markers not the only sign that can be used to discover cancer in a patient. Circulating tumor cells is also a useful tool. It is defined by the CellSearch assay, that CTC is a cell that is “EpCAM positive, cytokeratin positive, CD45 negative, and nuclear stain positive (Zhao et al., 2013).”

3. Unlike basal cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas can metastasize, or spread to other parts of the body.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma, also referred to as SCC, is a growth of abnormal cells that forms in squamous cells. It is the second most common type of skin cancer and it is uncontrollable. Since squamous cells make up most of the outer and upper skin layer, the epidermis, SCC is very dangerous and one of the easier skin cancers to develop (Skin Cancer Foundation). It is defined as being a non-melanoma or keratinocytic type of skin cancer, meaning it does not form any melanoma -- dark-pigmented tumors that come from a skin cell. Non-melanoma skin cancer almost always develops from the outer skin surface. While it is typically developed from too much sun in long periods of time, SCC has another dangerous enemy: smoke.

Cancer starts when cells begin to grow out of control. Cells in any part of the body can become cancerous and they can spread to other areas of the body. “Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that starts in the cells of the breast. A malignant tumor is a group of cancer cells that can grow into surrounding tissues or spread to distant areas of the body. (“What is Breast Cancer?”)”