Wingate Test Paper

The ATP-CP system, fuelled by Creatine Phosphate (CP), is dominant at intensities above 95% of maximum heart rate (MHR) for durations up to 10 seconds. This system would have been dominant during the 11 entries into speed zone 4 where the player maximally sprinted above 18km/hr (Appendix 2), and also when the player reaches a peak

Oxygen debt in the muscles is reached when oxygen levels are much lower than required during strenuous physical activity, causing lactate fermentation to occur in the cells leading to muscle fatigue. The results found in the experiment were the number of squeezes in the first trial for the dominant and non-dominant hands were significantly higher than the remaining ones. The results also showed as the trials continued, the number of muscle contractions decreased steadily which supported the hypothesis. However, there were some increased numbers for the dominant hand from trial 4 to 5 and trial 9 to 10. The non-dominant hand expressed similar unexpected results from trial 6 to 7 and trial 9 and 10. The reasons for these results might be due to the finger muscles being worked at the high intensity for a long period of time causing the muscles to consume higher amounts of oxygen thus producing more ATP production. This would cause the muscles to create more contractions towards the end of the trials. The unexpected results could also be caused by experimental errors such as faulty clothespins. The springs connecting the two ends of the clothespin was tight causing the number of contractions as the trials progressed having a more significant decrease. This is because the amount of energy required to open and close the clothespin would be higher, causing the lactate threshold to occur quicker. Due to this, the number of squeezes would decrease drastically as the trials progressed, in contrast to if the springs were normal. This would change the results by the difference between the trials not being evident therefore, not demonstrating the effects of muscle fatigue. Another factor that altered this experiment was the participant’s condition, Palmar Hyperhidrosis –excessive sweating on the palms – which

The Wingate test used a Monark cycle ergometer and Wingate computer programme. The test involves maximal effort during a 30 second sprint cycle. As there is little skill involved in sprint cycling, the Wingate test is reliable, and because most factors are controlled, the Wingate test is valid. The controlled factors of the Wingate test include resistance on the weight pan remains constant. The distance travelled in one pedal revolution remains constant. Acceleration due to gravity remains constant. The only part of the power equation that can change is the revolution per second, which is dependent on the athlete completing the test.

This group will start the testing by attaining the medical records of the player to see if he is physically and physiologically capable to perform such strenuous activities. After that information is attained we will start by testing the player’s endurance with a two mile run and monitor the times, heart rate, Vo2 max, and try to evaluate the lactic threshold. Thereafter in the following days, we will attain the midfielder’s 1RM in all multiple joint lifts giving us a baseline for our percentages.

Before the training programme Andre’s fitness level was not poorly but it wasn’t at he’s best though and in order for him to improve on he’s cardiovascular endurance, I created a six week training programme in which involved different exercises and training methods that he should use to improve on this skill. Also before he started this training programme, I tested Andre on some tests which are:

The controlled variable included the exercise bike and heart rate monitor. There are several limitations, systematic and random errors that should be considered when interpreting these results. (4) The controlled variables were not tested before this experiment to see if they were working and reliable. Figure 2 heart rate was quite inconsistent and did not follow the pattern of the other results, which maybe suggest a random error with the heat rate monitor. A systematic error could include the fitness of the participants. One of the test subjects is an endurance athlete and the other does not compete in any sport. This would affect the results because for the endurance-trained athlete, from their training they increase their cardiac output results from a substantial increase in maximal stroke volume. In untrained persons, cardiac output increases in response to exercise primarily by an increase in heart rate. The endurance-trained athlete does so mainly by an increase in stroke volume. Simply meaning that although both participants are doing the same cadence and length the endurance athletes skewers the results by already having an increased rate in stroke volume. Another systematic error may include the rate of perceived effort. For the most accurate results, the measured maximum heart rate would be necessary to give an accurate cadence to ride at.

Peak power signifies the highest mechanical power that is generated during any 3 to 5 second period of an exercise test.

When looking at heart rate over time it was found that the participants were able to exercise for longer than when they exercised at a continuous pace. In the graph in compare to female students, Participant 1 is more trained in comparison to participant 2, and is therefore able to exercise longer and at a lower heart rate, so it takes more time for participant 1 to fatigue. (Figure.1.) It was found, that with intermittent exercise a higher total work output was achieved, this is because the participants are able to work longer, even during the recovery phase they are generating some work. (Figure 2). It was found the time to

Maximal oxygen uptake or Vo2max is the highest rate at which the oxygen can be taken up and utilized by the body during severe exercise (Bassett & Howley, 2000). Vo2max is wide-ly used both in sports and clinical practice and its measurement allows us to assess cardi-orespiratory fitness, one of the most powerful markers of health (Mayorga-Vega, Aguilar-Soto & Viciana 2015; Bruce, Kusumi & Hosmer 1973). Vo2max also provides essential di-agnostic and prognostic information for clinical populations, such as patients with heart failure (Sartor, Vernillo, de Morree, et al., 2013).

The results of this test show that it provides a valid test to estimate aerobic capacity and shows there is a small measurement of error. A polar heart rate monitor was used to measure the heart rate with a step of 30cm in height with a metronome with a beat at 15 steps, per minute and increased by 5 steps every minute for 5 stages or until 80% of the maximum estimated heart rate was reached. The results demonstrated that the Chester Step technique is a valid predictor of aerobic capacity in males and females from a wide range of ages and fitness levels.

All participants in the study were both the experimental and control groups. The sessions were separated by four weeks; the sessions were randomly assigned to the participants. The testing sessions included an orientation with 1RM squat and practice of each test, followed by four conditions four weeks apart. The participants warmed up on the cycle ergometer then completed the DOMS protocol. Data was analyzed using magnitude-based inferences. Baker et.al

Kyle performed a VO2 max test in which each stage lasted 2.5 minutes. He achieved his highest VO2 during the 4th stage at time 8:10min. His highest VO2 (L/min) recorded was 2.627. Peak heart rate (162bpm) was during the time in which he achieved his highest VO2 along with his highest VCO2 (3.457L/min) at 8:10min. The data collected showing 2.627L/min is Kyle's VO2 peak. VO2 max is described as a maintenance or slight decline of VO2 with an increase in exercise intensity. Since Kyle did not have an opportunity to increase intensity, in the form of Watts, we could not determine if his peak VO2 was a true VO2 max. His termination of the test was mostly likely due to peripheral fatigue by a cause of blood lactate buildup,

During increasing intensity, volume oxygen continues to increase until a maximal value (VO2 max), the maximal aerobic capacity is reached.

Carry out an experiment to measure the heart rate and ventilation rate before, during and after moderate exercise.

Mammals consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide as part of their metabolism process in order to maintain body functions. This occurs at all times, both rest and during intense work, within mammals. During times of greater work, skeletal muscles work harder than they do at rest. This in turn increases their metabolic rate and results in a greater demand for oxygen. It has been proposed that fitness training has a positive effect on both the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, which effect the maximum oxygen consumption rate during intense exercise periods. I hypothesize that individuals who aerobically exercise a minimum of at least 7 hours per week will have increased fitness, which will maximize their overall metabolic rates and give them higher VO2 max and VCO2 max values than individuals who do not have increased fitness. Ten males having different fitness levels were put on stationary bikes at increasing levels until exhaustion and VO2-max and VCO2-max was then measured from each individual. It was found that there was a slight upward trend between fitness-VO2max and fitness-VCO2max, although this trend was not statistically significant when represented by the T-test values through statistical analysis. Further experiments should be done in the future to verify a statistically significant correlation.