3. Classify the following errors if either Random or systematic error, if systematic specify how to reduce or eliminate such error in the conduct of the chemical analyses. Scenario Type of Error Measures to Eliminate or Reduce the effect (If systematic еrror) Fluctuations in environmental temperature Instrument was having R² of 0.9800 after calibration Unclean buret Vibrations of the building causing fluctuation in mass reading
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- An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of glucose on the freezing point of water. Experimental data showed thatthe freezing point depression of water in solution was –2.6°C when 1.0 g of glucose was dissolved in 10g of solvent. Calculatethe expected freezing point for such solution and compare the expected freezing point to the value found experimentally. Give aplausible explanation for any discrepancies. (M.W. of glucose= 180.16g/mol; i=1). Show all your work.In the Deacon process for the manufacture of chlorine, HCl and O2 react toform Cl2 and H2O, Sufficient air (21 mol% O2, 79% N2) is fed to provide 35% excess oxygen and the fractional conversion of HCl is 85%. (a) Calculate the mole fractions of the product stream components, usingatomic species balances in your calculation. (b) Again calculate the mole fractions of the product stream components,but use the extent of reaction in the calculation.Potassium dichromate has several industrial applications. To determine the purity of the salt that will be used in different industrial processes, a sample mass equal to 2.660 g was dissolved and quantitatively transferred to a 500.00 mL flask. An aliquot of 25.00 mL of this solution was treated with excess KI and the released iodine was titrated with 0.1000 mol L-1 sodium thiosulfate, spending 27.00 mL. Calculate the purity of the analyzed salt. Data:K = 39.10 O = 16.00 Cr = 52.00 I = 126.9 S = 32.07
- Many rivers are affectwd by illegal small scale mining. Study have revealed extremlly high deposite of heavy metals and particulate matters in rivers, making them unwholesome for drinking. With your knowledge in analytical seperation and analysis, .outline a suitable analytical protocol that can be employed to recover polluted water bodies and make them wholesome for drinking.The student then determined ΔH neutralization for the reaction of sodium hydroxide and acetic acid, using the procedure described in this module. The student added 100.0 mL of 0.8500M NaOH to 100.0 mL of 0.8404M acetic acid. Prior to and following the mixing of the acid and base solutions, the following temperature-time data were collected. g) Identify the limiting reagent and briefly explain why it is limiting. h) Find ΔH neutralization for the reaction.Determination of Total Chlorine Residual Description of the MethodThe chlorination of a public water supply produces several chlorinecontaining species, the combined concentration of which is called the total chlorine residual. Chlorine is present in a variety of chemical states, including the free residual chlorine, which consists of Cl2, HOCl and OCl–, and the combined chlorine residual, which consists of NH2Cl, NHCl2, and NCl3. The total chlorine residual is determined by using the oxidizing power of chlorine to convert I– to I3-. The amount of I3- formed is then determined by titrating with Na2S2O3 using starch as an indicator. Regardless of its form, the total chlorine residual is reported as if Cl2 is the only source of chlorine, and is reported as mg Cl/L. The description here is based on Method 4500-Cl B as published in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Ed., American Public Health Association: Washington, D. C., 1998 ProcedureSelect a volume of…
- Determination of Total Chlorine Residual Description of the MethodThe chlorination of a public water supply produces several chlorinecontaining species, the combined concentration of which is called the total chlorine residual. Chlorine is present in a variety of chemical states, including the free residual chlorine, which consists of Cl2, HOCl and OCl–, and the combined chlorine residual, which consists of NH2Cl, NHCl2, and NCl3. The total chlorine residual is determined by using the oxidizing power of chlorine to convert I– to I3-. The amount of I3- formed is then determined by titrating with Na2S2O3 using starch as an indicator. Regardless of its form, the total chlorine residual is reported as if Cl2 is the only source of chlorine, and is reported as mg Cl/L. The description here is based on Method 4500-Cl B as published in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Ed., American Public Health Association: Washington, D. C., 1998 ProcedureSelect a volume of…Determination of Total Chlorine Residual Description of the MethodThe chlorination of a public water supply produces several chlorinecontaining species, the combined concentration of which is called the total chlorine residual. Chlorine is present in a variety of chemical states, including the free residual chlorine, which consists of Cl2, HOCl and OCl–, and the combined chlorine residual, which consists of NH2Cl, NHCl2, and NCl3. The total chlorine residual is determined by using the oxidizing power of chlorine to convert I– to I3-. The amount of I3- formed is then determined by titrating with Na2S2O3 using starch as an indicator. Regardless of its form, the total chlorine residual is reported as if Cl2 is the only source of chlorine, and is reported as mg Cl/L. The description here is based on Method 4500-Cl B as published in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Ed., American Public Health Association: Washington, D. C., 1998 ProcedureSelect a volume of…Chlorodifluoromethane (CHF2Cl) was widely used in the compression/cooling circuits of refrigeration or air-conditioning systems. Since the discovery that such compounds (HCFCs and CFC's) released into the atmosphere were a major cause of depletion of stratospheric ozone, newer refrigeration systems make use of certain hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are degraded in the lower atmosphere, instead. Often, mixtures of such compounds are used. Suppose a sample of refrigerant gas consisting of a simple mixture of the gases pentafluoroethane (C2HF5) and difluorormethane (CH2F2) has a density of 3.06 g/L at 14 °C and 0.974 atm. Calculate the average molecular mass for this sample
- Chlorodifluoromethane (CHF2Cl) was widely used in the compression/cooling circuits of refrigeration or air-conditioning systems. Since the discovery that such compounds (HCFCs and CFC's) released into the atmosphere were a major cause of depletion of stratospheric ozone, newer refrigeration systems make use of certain hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are degraded in the lower atmosphere, instead. Often, mixtures of such compounds are used. Suppose a sample of refrigerant gas consisting of a simple mixture of the gases pentafluoroethane (C2HF5) and difluorormethane (CH2F2) has a density of 1.43 g/L at 26 °C and 0.405 atm. Calculate the average molecular mass for this sample. Calculate the volume percentage of CH2F2 in the sample.Chlorodifluoromethane (CHF2Cl) was widely used in the compression/cooling circuits of refrigeration or air-conditioning systems. Since the discovery that such compounds (HCFCs and CFC's) released into the atmosphere were a major cause of depletion of stratospheric ozone, newer refrigeration systems make use of certain hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are degraded in the lower atmosphere, instead. Often, mixtures of such compounds are used. Suppose a sample of refrigerant gas consisting of a simple mixture of the gases pentafluoroethane (C2HF5) and 111-trifluoroethane (C2H3F3) has a density of 2.39 g/L at 23 °C and 0.593 atm. 1. Calculate the average molecular mass for this sample. 2. Calculate the volume percentage of C2H3F3 in the sample.Chlorodifluoromethane (CHF2Cl) was widely used in the compression/cooling circuits of refrigeration or air-conditioning systems. Since the discovery that such compounds (HCFCs and CFC's) released into the atmosphere were a major cause of depletion of stratospheric ozone, newer refrigeration systems make use of certain hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are degraded in the lower atmosphere, instead. Often, mixtures of such compounds are used. Suppose a sample of refrigerant gas consisting of a simple mixture of the gases pentafluoroethane (C2HF5) and 111- trifluoroethane ((C2H3F3) has a density of1.95 g/L at 23 °C and 0.432 atm. Calculate the average molecular mass for this sample. Calculate the volume percentage of C2H3F3 in the sample.
