Assume that we have an aqueous solution of completely disperse phospholipid molecules, what will happen to the lipid molecules at resting state (the thermodynamically most stable state) at 37 °C? Explain your answer and list the molecular forces that drive the process.
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- 1. Why should the potassium salts of fatty acids yield soft soaps?1. In Clinical Chemistry, are enzymatic methods for determining glucose, cholesterol, and uric acid more preferred than non-enzymatic methods?1. What is the significance of the effect of pH to enzyme activity in relation to the medical aspect? a. A person with fever cannot eat well and may suffer from indigestion b. A person with hyperacidicity experience vomiting upon taking milk c. Abnormal level of diagnostic enzymes indicate damage in the body tissues d. Too much hydrogen peroxide in the body forms free radicals if not decomposed by peroxidase 2. A denatured protein has intact peptide bonds. True or False 3. What force of interaction was cleaved in the addition of a reducing agent to the protein sample? a. Disulfide bonds b. hydrogen bond c. hydrophobic interactions d. ionic bond 4. Which does not refer to protein denaturation? a. Unfolding of structure b. Folding of structure c. Disruption of bonds d. Destroy of its structure 5. The substrate concentration and the enzyme activity has a linear relationship as long as…
- 1. A. Many bacterial fatty acids contain branches and even rings. What effect would you expect these lipids to have on membrane fluidity compared to their straight-chain counterparts?B. When bacteria growing at 20°C are heated to 30°C, are they more likely to synthesize membrane lipids with (a) saturated or unsaturated fatty acids, and (b) short-chain or long-chain fatty acids? Explain your answers.3. What are the effects of the following solvents when mixed with lipids? What type of hydrolysis is present when mixed withthose solvents?a. waterb. CCl 4c. Etherd. CHCl 4. Explain enzyme hydrolysis.2. a. How do the majority of proteins that exist outside cells get outside cells? Explain the pathway. b. Explain at least three major exceptions to your answer in part a.
- 3. A biochemist purified a protein from the bloodstream and determined its molecular weight under several conditions. In 8 M urea, which denatures the polypeptide chain, the molecular weight of the protein was 150,000 Da. She found that under reducing conditions the molecular weight of the protein was 75,000 Da, while under oxidizing conditions the molecular weight of the protein was 150,000 Da. Explain these results.3. Diet Big Red soda contains citric acid, as shown in the ingredient list below, Carbonated Water, Citric Acid, Natural and Artificial Flavors, Sucralose, Sodium Benzoate, Caffeine, Malic Acid, Red 40, Acesulfame Potassium, Phosphoric Acid, and Acacia Gum What are two obvious reasons that we did not try to determine the citric acid content in a "flat" sample of Diet Big Red soda?1.One of the main sources of sphingosine in the body is in the cell membrane. What complication could arise from the biological synthesis of ceramide?
- 2. Explain in molecular terms why humans cannot use cellulose as a nutrient, but goats and cattle can.1. Regarding proteins, what is meant by the following terms? A. Zwitterion B. pI C. Isoelectric point D. denaturation E. Catalyst F. Cofactor G. Coenzyme 1a. Why are proteins catalysts known as enzymes necessary to sustain life processes?  1b. Describe the interaction between enzyme and its substrate.1. Draw the structure of a cholesterol ester where cholesterol is esterified with palmitic acid. is this polar or nonpolar acid 2. Draw the strucutre of lecithin containing stearic acid on carbon 1 and arachidonic acid on carbon 2 of glycerol. is this polar or nonpolar acid 3.Disccuss the medical sginificance of cholesterol , cholesterol ester,l ecithin and choline . 4. Give examples of phosphoglycerides and sphingolipids of biological importance .