Compound A below is a key intermediate in the synthesis of keto-myo-inositol B. Suggest a synthetic route for the preparation of A from D-glucose C giving structures for all of the intermediates in your scheme. Ph3CO. Но, „OH HO НО HO, HO 'HO, OH ОН Ph CH3 A В
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- Consider the synthesis and degradation of tyrosine as shown in Figures 25.37, 25.38, and 25.48 to determine where the carbon atoms in PEP and erythrose-4-P would end up in acetoacetate and fumarate.Figure 27.3 illustrates the response of R (ATP-regenerating) and U (ATP-utilizing) enzymes to energy charge. a. Would hexokinase be an R enzyme or a U enzyme? Would glutamine: PRPP amidotransferase, the second enzyme in purine biosynthesis, be an R enzyme or a U enzyme? b. If energy charge = 0.5: Is the activity of hexokinase high or low? Is ribose-5-P pyrophosphokinase activity high or low? c. If energy charge = 0.95: Is the activity of hexokinase high or low? Is ribose-5-P pyrophosphokinase activity high or low?DCCD (diocyclohexylcarbodiimide) inhibits oxidative phosphorylation when the substrate is mitochondrial NADH. DCCD is a drug that binds to ATP synthase and blocks proton transport through the ion channel. a) Explain what the consequences of DCCD on cellular energy production are. b) Suggest at least one other cellular effect of DCCD and explain this effect.
- . Students carry out a laboratory experiment with avidin (a protein in eg white) having a very high aflinity for biotin enzymes. Which enzyme of glucose metabolism would be inhibited by the addition of avidin to a cell homogenate? For answer: a) draw a reaction that would be blocked by the addition of avidin to a cell homogenate; b) write a diagram of the carbohydrate metabolism in which this reaction takes place.Select the chemical events that occur between isopentenyl pyrophosphate and lanosterol during cholesterol synthesis: Choose ALL that apply. (A) phosphorylation and decarboxylation of mevalonate(B) condensation of acetyl CoA(C) pyrophosphate (PPi) hydrolysis(D) condensation of C5 units to form C10 and C15 intermediates (E) formation of a tetracyclic intermediate (F) ATP hydrolysisIn another key reaction in glycolysis, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)is isomerized into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP): Because ΔG°′ is positive, the equilibrium lies to the left.(a) Calculate the equilibrium constant and the equilibrium fraction of GAPfrom the above, at 37 °C.(b) In the cell, depletion of GAP makes the reaction proceed. What will ΔGbe if the concentration of GAP is always kept at 1/100 of the concentrationof DHAP?
- a. Use the values in Problem 23.31 to calculate the energy change in the following reaction. fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + ADP--------> fructose 6-phosphate + ATP b. Is this reaction energetically favorable or unfavorable? c. Write this reaction using curved arrow symbolism. d. Can this reaction be used to synthesize ATP from ADP? Explain.Which of the statements below regarding glyphosate are true? (Choose all true statements) A.Glyphosate interacts with EPSP synthase because it resembles the substrate S-3P B.The interaction of S-3P is necessary for glyphosate binding. C.Glyphosate likely binds to both conformations of EPSP synthase shown in question 7. D.Glyphosate decreases Km for S-3P and thus likely the increases the affinity of the enzyme for substrate E.Glyphosate likely increases feedback inhibition by the product of the reaction EPSPIntramitochondrial ATP concentrations are about 5 mM, and phosphate concentration is about 10 mM. Consider that ADP is five times more abundant than AMP. a. Calculate the molar concentrations of ADP and AMP at an energy charge of 0.85. b. Calculate ∆G' for ATP hydrolysis under these conditions (∆G0' for ATP hydrolysis is -32.2 kJ/mol) The energy charge is defined as ( [ATP] + 1/2 [ADP] ) / ( [ATP] + [ADP] + [AMP] )
- Which of the following statements about the malate-aspartate shuttle is false? a) 2.5 ATPs are formed per cytoplasmic NADH shuttled. b) Transamination is involved. c) Cytoplasmic oxaloacetate is converted to malate. d) Mitochondrial malate is converted to oxaloacetate. e) Antiport transport is not involved.Select the chemical events that occur between mevalonate and geranyl pyrophosphate during cholesterol synthesis: Choose ALL that apply. (A) decarboxylation to create a C5 molecule from a C6 precursor (B) condensation of (2) C5 molecules to form a C10 intermediate (C) reduction of HMG CoA(D) ATP hydrolysis (E) isomerization of isopentenyl pyrophosphate(F) condensation of a C5 molecule and a C10 molecule to form a C15 intermediate (G) formation of a tetracyclic intermediate(H) pyrophosphate (PPi) hydrolysisWhich of these is associated with production of ATP during glycolysis? (Select all that apply) a) Conversion of 1,3-BPG to 3PG b) Conversion of 1,3-BPG to 2,3-BPG c) Conversion of PEP to pyruvate d) Conversion of 2,3-BPG to 2PG e) Phosphorylation of glucose