Describe the role of mitochondria in initiating apoptosis? Please answer the question according to the picture. please answer one short paragraph only. if you can make it in bullet points that would be great. please only short answer including points stated in the attached slide.
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Describe the role of mitochondria in initiating apoptosis?
Please answer the question according to the picture.
please answer one short paragraph only. if you can make it in bullet points that would be great.
please only short answer including points stated in the attached slide.
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- The Relative Efficiency of ATP Synthesis in Noncyclic versus Cyclic Photophosphorylation If noncyclic photosynthetic electron transport leads to the translocation of 7 H+/2e- and cyclic photosynthetic electron transport leads to the translocation of 2 H+/e-, what is the relative photosynthetic efficiency of ATP synthesis (expressed as the number of photons absorbed per ATP synthesized) for noncyclic versus cyclic photophosphorylation? (Assume that the CF1CF0-ATP synthase yields 3 ATP/14 H+.)Mitochondrial Abnormalities in Tetralogy of Fallot Tetralogy of Fallot (TF) is a genetic disorder in which heart malformations result in abnormal blood circulation, so oxygen does not reach body cells as it should. With insufficient oxygen to accept electrons at the end of miotchondrial electron transfer chains, too many free radicals form. This damages the mitochondriaand the cells. In 2004, Sarah Kuruvilla studied mitochondria in the heart muscle of TF patients. Some of her results are shown in FIGURE 7.13. Patient (age) SPO2(%) Mitochondrial Abnormalities in TF Number Shape Size Broken 1(5) 55 + + 2(3) 69 + + 3(22) 72 + + 4(2) 74 + + 5(3) 76 + + + 6(2.5) 78 + + + 7(1) 79 + + 8(12) 80 + + 9(4) 80 + + 10(B) 83 + + 11(20) 85 + + 12(2.5) 89 + + FIGURE 7.13 Mitochondrial changes in tetralogy of Fallot (TF). (A) Normal heart muscle. Many mitochondria between the fibers provide muscle cells with ATP for contraction. (B) Heart muscle from a person with TF has swollen, broken mitochondria. (C) Types of mitochondrial abnormalities in TF patients. SPO2 is oxygen saturation of the blood. A normal value of SPO2 is 96%. Abnormalities are marked +. 3. Can you make any correlations between blood oxygen content and mitochondrial abnormalities in these patients?Fo-F1 ATPase. The energy for ATP synthesis from ADP and Pi is provided by the downhill transport of protons through the rotary FoF1 ATP synthase . The enzyme has 3 alpha-beta and 12 ‘c’ subunits. The mitochondrion maintains change in membrane potential=180 mV (negative inside), pHin = 8, pHout=7, [Pi] = 3 mM and ADP is present as well. . What [ATP]/[ADP] ratio will be established at steady-state under these conditions? What would be the [ATP]/[ADP] ratio if the enzyme had only 9 ‘c’ subunits? full revolution of the crank (gamma subunit) produces 3 ATP.
- Which statements are true? Explain why or why not.1 In normal adult tissues, cell death usually balancescell division.2 Mammalian cells that do not have cytochrome cshould be resistant to apoptosis induced by DNA damage.This UCP1 protein allows the protons (H+) of the mitochondrial intermembrane space to enter the mitochondrial matrix without going through the ATP synthase. This bypass represents a shortcut for protons and uncouples (i.e. eliminates the interrelationship between) the following two processes: The entry of protons inside the mitochondrial matrix, following their concentration gradient. The phosphorylation of ADP into ATP by the ATP synthase. It is this uncoupling that gave the protein its name: uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). The following figure shows the location of UCP1 when it is expressed (synthesized) in the brown adipose tissues (BAT) of hibernating mammals. Question 12 Based on the UCP1 protein structure shown earlier, and based on the figure above, what type of protein is UCP1? Question 12 options: a) A primary active transporter. b) A motor protein.…Development of the nematode Caenorhabditis ele-gans generates exactly 959 somatic cells; it also producesan additional 131 cells that are later eliminated by apop-tosis. Classical genetic experiments in C. elegans isolatedmutants that led to the identification of the first genesinvolved in apoptosis. Of the many mutations affectingapoptosis in the nematode, none have ever been found inthe gene for cytochrome c. Why do you suppose that sucha central effector molecule in apoptosis was not found inthe many genetic screens for “death” genes that have beencarried out in C. elegans?
- Mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids is a major source of ATP, yet fatty acids can be oxidized elsewhere. What organelle, besides the mitochondrion, can oxidize fatty acids? What is the fundamental difference between oxidation oc- curring in this organelle and mitochondrial oxidation?The role of a subunit of F0 (2 choices are correct) Undergoes multiple conformational changes from lose to tight to open, to synthesize ATP. Uses two half-channels to pick up and release protons. Allows for unidirectional pick up of protons by c subunit. Allows for the import of inorganic phosphate into mitochondrial matrix.A mutant haploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae(yeast) called cox2-1 was found that was unable togrow on media containing glycerol as the sole sourceof carbon and energy. (Glycerol is a nonfermentablesubstrate for yeast.) This strain could, however, growon the fermentable substrate glucose. Researchers discovered that cox2-1 cells lack a mitochondrial proteincalled cytochrome c oxidase.a. Explain why cox2-1 cells can grow on mediumcontaining glucose but not on glycerol medium.b. When cox2-1 was crossed with a wild-type yeaststrain and the resultant diploid cells were allowedto grow mitotically, it was found that about half thediploid clones were able to grow on glycerol, whilethe other half could not. The diploid clones thatcould grow on glycerol were induced to sporulate,and they yielded tetrads with four spores that wereall able to grow on glycerol medium. In all of thesetetrads, two of the haploid progeny were of matingtype a and two of mating type α. The diploids thatcould not…
- A mutant haploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae(yeast) called cox2-1 was found that was unable togrow on media containing glycerol as the sole sourceof carbon and energy. (Glycerol is a nonfermentablesubstrate for yeast.) This strain could, however, growon the fermentable substrate glucose. Researchers discovered that cox2-1 cells lack a mitochondrial proteincalled cytochrome c oxidase.a. Explain why cox2-1 cells can grow on mediumcontaining glucose but not on glycerol medium.Mitochondria contain anout 1500 different proteins true falseMitochondrial Abnormalities in Tetralogy of Fallot Tetralogy of Fallot (TF) is a genetic disorder in which heart malformations result in abnormal blood circulation, so oxygen does not reach body cells as it should. With insufficient oxygen to accept electrons at the end of miotchondrial electron transfer chains, too many free radicals form. This damages the mitochondriaand the cells. In 2004, Sarah Kuruvilla studied mitochondria in the heart muscle of TF patients. Some of her results are shown in FIGURE 7.13. Patient (age) SPO2(%) Mitochondrial Abnormalities in TF Number Shape Size Broken 1(5) 55 + + 2(3) 69 + + 3(22) 72 + + 4(2) 74 + + 5(3) 76 + + + 6(2.5) 78 + + + 7(1) 79 + + 8(12) 80 + + 9(4) 80 + + 10(B) 83 + + 11(20) 85 + + 12(2.5) 89 + + FIGURE 7.13 Mitochondrial changes in tetralogy of Fallot (TF). (A) Normal heart muscle. Many mitochondria between the fibers provide muscle cells with ATP for contraction. (B) Heart muscle from a person with TF has swollen, broken mitochondria. (C) Types of mitochondrial abnormalities in TF patients. SPO2 is oxygen saturation of the blood. A normal value of SPO2 is 96%. Abnormalities are marked +. 2. What percentage of the TF patients had mitochondria that were abnormal in size?