Explain how cholesterol synthesis depends on the activity of ATPcitrate lyase.

Q: Explain Cholesterol biosynthetic pathway.

A: Cholesterol levels in the body are found from 2 major sources:Dietary intake and the process of…

Q: Describe the fate of glycerol generated from triacylglycerolhydrolysis in adipocytes.

A: When triacylglycerols is mobilized from the fat tissue, its hydrolysis to free fatty acids and…

Q: Explain why β oxidation cannot proceed backward to produce triacylglycerols.

A: Beta oxidation is a metabolic process involving multiple steps by which fatty acid molecules are…

Q: Explain Fatty acid oxidation process.

A: Lipids are macromolecules which is insoluble in water. They are not polymers like the other…

Q: List the ketone bodies. Where are they synthesized and where are they used?

A: Ketone bodies have a distinct odour that can be detected in the breath of people in ketosis or…

Q: The interconversion of DHAP and GAP greatly favors the formation of DHAP at equilibrium. Yet the…

A: GAPDH has a high affinity for DHAP, thus pushes TIM reaction towards GAP formation.

Q: Outline the reactions in the a-oxidation pathway

A: The process of α-oxidation results in the removal of the first carbon atom. The carboxyl group of…

Q: Explain how the conversion of alanine to pyruvic acid (pyruvate) can be identified as an oxidation…

A: Oxidation is the gain of oxygen, loss of electrons, and loss of hydrogen from an atom. The oxidation…

Q: Hypercholesterolemic individuals taking statins are sometimes advised to take supplements of…

A: The high cholesterol level in the blood of the body is referred to as hypercholesterolemia. It is an…

Q: State the advantages and disadvantages of the lactic acid pathway.

A: Advantages of Lactic acid pathway : Anaerobic respiration is relatively rapid.  Does not require…

Q: ATP hydrolysis to make the ________ of glutamine biosynthetically active.

A: Glutamine amidotransferase is an important enzyme that actually functions like the transfer of the…

Q: Explain how the position in the active site and function of the oxyanion hole of chymotrypsin…

A: Enzymes are highly specialized proteins that have extraordinary catalytic power, greater than that…

Q: Lithium ion inhibits the synthesis of inositol trisphosphate by inhibiting a reaction in the…

A: Hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) gives Inositol triphosphate, which is a…

Q: Explain the functional significance of the pathway illustrated by the dashed arrow.

A: Plant absorb mineral from soil, and transport throughout plant body. Two types of vascular tissue…

Q: Explain the physiological role of transacetylase ?

A: Transacetylase is an enzyme that transfers an acetyl-CoA to galactosides and lactosides. It is coded…

Q: What is the approximate number of ATP that are generated from the complete breakdown of triacyl…

A: Complete breakdown of one molecule of triacylglyceride generated approximately 108 ATP molecules.

Q: Explain the biochemical importance of the components of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway.

A: Cholesterol levels in the body is found from 2 major sources: Dietary intake and the process of…

Q: Identify the three important products of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway AND indicate how…

A: The Oxidative Pentose Phosphate pathway is a metabolic pathway alternative to glycolysis for…

Q: In different organisms, sucrose can be cleaved either by hydrolysis or by phosphorolysis. Calculate…

A: Glycolysis, with the subsequent development of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP), converts glucose into…

Q: Propose a mechanism for the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate into fructose 6- phosphate by…

A: Glycolysis is the oxidation process of glucose to yield high-energy compounds such as ATP . The…

Q: Discuss why a saturated fatty acid like lauric acid has a good anti-oxidant property.

A: "Since you have asked multiple questions, we will solve the first question for you. If you want a…

Q: Cancer cells have a high amount of hexokinase. Explain why

A: Hexokinase are the enzyme which phosphorylates hexose to hexose phosphate. It does so by…

Q: Explain the reaction mechanism of Thiamine pyrophosphate and pyridoxal phosphate?

A: Coenzymes are the non-proteinaceous compound that binds with an enzyme to catalyze a reaction. They…

Q: Compare and contrast the pathways of fatty-acid breakdown and biosynthesis. What features do these…

A: Introduction Fatty acid metabolism is associated with the step-wise building up of biologically…

Q: Explain the mechanism by which beta-oxidation of fatty acids is controlled.

A: The oxidation of fatty acids takes place in three stages.  The first stage is beta-oxidation. It…

Q: What is the metabolic purpose of hexose monophospate shunt pathway?

A: The hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP) is also known as pentose phosphate pathway or phosphoguconate…

Q: What is deltaG" for this reaction ATP + glucose -> ADP + giucose-6-phosphate deltaG"= ?

A: Glycolysis: a cytoplasmic pathway in which  glucose breaks down into two three-carbon compounds and…

Q: The glycerol 3-phosphate required for the synthesis of glycerophospholipids can be synthesized from…

A: Glucose is the primary energy source in almost all living organisms. Glucose is broken down to form…

Q: Explain how glycogen phosphorylase iscontrolled allosterically and by covalent modification.

A: Glycogen is a polymer of glucose monomer and is the principal storage form of carbohydrates. It…

Q: Describe the Glucotransferase.

A: Glucotransferase is an enzyme that liberates glucose from amylose .

Q: Provide an explanation for why glucose-6-phopshate must be isomerized to fructose-6-phosphate in…

A: Chemical reactions that occur within the living body are collectively known as metabolism. The…

Q: Compare the allosteric regulation of phosphorylase in the liver and in muscle, and explain the…

A: Phosphorylase are enzymes that catalyse the addition of a phosphate group from an inorganic…

Q: hexokinase catalyzes the first reaction of the glycolysis pathway. What may happen if there is…

A: Glycolysis  The step in respiration in which single 6 carbon molecule glucose converted into 2…

Q: .N. NH2 R COOH соон `NH2 Pyridoxamine Pyruvic acid Alanine A

A: It is a transamination reaction in which an amino acid is synthesized.

Q: Provide the mechanism for step 2 of the biological formation of geranyl diphosphate (A') are…

A: Coupling of two Isopentenyl pyrophosphate molecules gives geranyl pyrophosphate or geranyl…

Q: In different organisms sucrose can be cleaved either by hydrolysis or by phosphorolysis. Calculate…

A: Glycolysis is considered as the process, during which glucose is get converted into pyruvate with…

Q: . Using the principles described in the text regarding pyridoxal phos- phate mechanisms, propose a…

A: Introduction- Serine hydroxy methyltransferase (SHMT) is known as a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent…

Q: What is the biochemical rationale for ATP serving as a positive regulator of ATCase?

A: Introduction: The first step in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway is catalysed by aspartate…

Q: Outline the mechanisms of the regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis.

A: Cholesterol biosynthesis : Biosynthesis of cholesterol generally takes place in the endoplasmic…

Q: Lithium ion inhibits the synthesis of inositol trisphosphate by inhibiting a reaction in the…

A: Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate or simply inositol trisphosphate (IP3) is a signaling molecule composed…

Q: Describe the phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system

A: The phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) is a group of enzymes involved in…

Q: Explain how cholesterol synthesis depends on the activity of ATP-citrate lyase.

A: Cholesterol is an important lipid that is responsible for maintaining membrane fluidity of the…

Q: High blood levels of triacylglycerides are associated with heart attacks and strokes. Clofibrate, a…

A: The high level of triglycerides, the LDL (Low-density lipoprotein), and VLDL(very low density…

Q: Explain the role and functioning of chaperone proteins. Explain, why several chaperones…

A: Introduction :- Proteins called chaperones direct other proteins along the correct folding paths.…

Q: Explain why triacylglycerols should be the principal source of stored metabolic energy.

A: The most basic lipids produced by fatty acids are triacylglycerol's, generally known as…

Q: Explain why rotenone inhibits oxidative phosphorylationwhen the substrate is pyruvate, but not when…

A: Site-specific inhibitors of electron transport have been identified. These compounds prevent the…

Q: Briefly explain the malate-aspartate shuttle. Distinguish between this shuttle with the glycerol…

A: The electrons produced during a biochemical pathway are allowed to move across the membrane for…

Q: Describe the two phases of the the HMP shunt. Enumerate the reactions in each phase and the…

A: The HMP shunt or hexose monophosphate shunt or pentose phosphate pathway is used for the synthesis…

Metabolic pathways

Metabolism is defined as the group of life-supporting, enzyme-mediated chemical reactions in organisms. A metabolic pathway is a set of these chemical reactions that involve anabolism (synthesis of complex biomolecules) and catabolism (breakdown of biomolecules into small molecules) that occur inside a cell. Metabolites are the reacting substances, products, and intermediate substances of an enzymatic process that are altered by a series of chemical events catalyzed by enzymes.