Explain why an inhibitor of complex I will cause an increase not only in the ratio of NADH to NAD+, but also in the UQ:UQH2 ratio.

Q: Explain how pyruvate is processed before its entry into the Kreb's cycle?

A:

Q: Briefly describe the dual role of lipoic acid in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A: Lipoic acid is essentially used in aerobic processes. It is important biological compound for the…

Q: Why is water excluded from the active site of phosphorylase? Predict the effect of a mutation that…

A: Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycogenolysis in animals by releasing…

Q: Is the statement during fatty acid biosynthesis, NADH is used as the reducing equivalent in the…

A: Ans: Fatty acid synthesis, the process formation of fatty acids from acetyl CoA and NADPH with the…

Q: a) Which catalytic mechanism occurs in step 2? b) Why must phosphate first bind to succinyl-CoA…

A: Glycolysis, TCA cycle, and ETC all are interconnected processes. Respiration is an oxidative…

Q: How many protons are shuttled from the matrix to the intermembrane space by the products of the…

A: Reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 retains most of the free energy produced during the process glucose…

Q: Outline the reactions in the a-oxidation pathway

A: The process of α-oxidation results in the removal of the first carbon atom. The carboxyl group of…

Q: Why does it make metabolic sense for ADP and GDP to inhibit ribose phosphate pyrophosphokinase?

A: Ribose phosphate phosphokinase or ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase (RPPK) is a phosphoribosyl…

Q: Briefly, explain why the transfer of electrons from NADH to the ETC results in the production of…

A: NADH and FADH2 produced during various metabolic pathway pass through ETC and reduce oxygen to…

Q: Which one of the five steps of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reaction is most likely to be…

A: Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a group of non-covalently associated enzymes. It catalyzes…

Q: How would an inhibitor of complex I of the ETC affect the activities of ATP Synthase, pyruvate…

A: Glucose is converted to pyruvate by glycolysis. Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA by pyruvate…

Q: Which of the following statements about the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is true? (A) The…

A: The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is a first-line oxidative stress defence mechanism that is…

Q: Suppose that a promoter mutation leads to the overproduction of protein kinase A in adipose cells.…

A: Protein kinases A are distributed in every type of cell in mammals and are highly conserved. These…

Q: Consider the typical beta oxidation of linoleic acid (C18:2 ^Δ9, 12): How many ATP are generated in…

A: Most fatty acids are degraded by the sequential removal of two-carbon fragments from the carboxyl…

Q: Propose a reaction mechanism for the condensation of acetyl CoA and glyoxylate in the glyoxylate…

A: The glyoxylate cycle allows plants and some microorganisms to synthesis acetyl CoA from acetate…

Q: Explain why the coupled reaction ATP → ADP + Pi in the P-class ion pump mechanism does not involve…

A: Coupled reaction of ATP → ADP + Pi is the coupling of exergonic reaction which is through hydrolysis…

Q: Provide an illustration showing how glutamate enter tricarboxylic acid cycle. Also, indicate the…

A: The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs or citric acid cycle, is the primary…

Q: Suppose a patient has correctly diagnosed GALT (galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase)…

A:

Q: What are the three most common mechanisms forenzyme-catalyzed reactions that have two substrates?

A: Introduction: There are three mechanisms for enzyme-catalyzed reactions having two substrates:…

Q: Why do the electrons carried by FADH2 result in less ATP production than those carried by NADH?

A: The energy emitted by the electron transport chain would ultimately be insufficient to pump protons…

Q: Which complex contains Succinate dehydrogenase and what are the roles of thisenzyme?

A: Succinate dehydrogenase is a part of the cellular biochemical machinery for breaking down sugars,…

Q: What is the final (terminal) electron acceptor in the mechanism of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex…

A: The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC) contains 3 enzymes in it. They are ; Pyruvate…

Q: Explain the binding change mechanism for the synthesis of ATP by FoFIATP synthas

A: ATP synthase is a complex which makes use of the proton gradient created by the action of the…

Q: (a) A simplistic interpretation of the Q cycle would predict that the proton pumping efficiency of…

A: Q cycle is a part of the electron transport chain that helps for the sequential transfer of…

Q: Name two oxidizing agents that act as coenzyme with oxidoreductases

A: Enzymes are a class of proteins that increases the pace of the chemical reaction without undergoing…

Q: One of the regulators of the TCA cycle is succinyl CoA.  Discuss the rationale for this molecule to…

A: TCA cycle is also known as the Krebs cycle. This cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. In this…

Q: Given the roles of NAD*/NADH in dehydrogenation reactions and NADPH/NADP+ in reductions, as…

A: The [NAD+]/[NADH] system mainly functions in oxidation of the substrates. Therefore, the…

Q: Show that the free energy change for the succinate dehydrogenase reaction catalyzed by Complex II is…

A: The complex II in electron transport chain is called as succinate dehydrogenase, the complex II…

Q: Describe the experimental evidence which supports the rotational motion of the y- and e-subunits of…

A: Describe the experimental evidence which supports the rotational motion of the gamma and e-subunits…

Q: Demerol (meperidine) is a drug used to relieve moderate to severe pain through inhibition of the…

A: Eukaryotic organisms have membrane bound organelles in the cell. Mitochondria acts as a…

Q: Consider an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction S2 P, by the following simple reaction mechanism: k…

A: The enzyme is the catalyst that increases the rate of reaction by decreasing the activation energy.…

Q: From the complete oxidation of glucose (glucose  →  6CO2), how many total NADH electron carriers are…

A: Glycolysis is a process in which one molecule of glucose is converted to two molecules of…

Q: Explain why with complete examples: A- Phosphatases are many types with different regulations B-…

A: Asked : A and B part explanation.

Q: Given the following question, for each of the three reactions catalyzed by NADH dehydrogenase…

A: The mitochondrial respiratory chain or electron transport chain is a biological oxidation process in…

Q: What are the inhibitors of complex 1,2,3,4, and 5 of electron transport chain? Write their name

A: Electron transport chain is also known as chemi osmotic pathway. In electron transport chain,…

Q: Suggest a reason that catabolic pathways generally produce NADH and FADH2, whereas anabolic pathways…

A: Catabolic pathway: The pathway releases energy where large macromolecules are broken down into…

Q: This enzyme, dehydrogenase, belongs to the following group of EC number: O a. EC1: Oxidoreductase O…

A: Enzymes are the biocatalyst molecules that can act as catalyst in the biochemical reaction and can…

Q: Outline malate-aspartate shuttle which aims to bring cytosolic NADH into the mitochondria.

A: The malate aspartate shuttle is a mechanism which helps in the translocation of the electrons during…

Q: Explain why pyruvate is processed before its entry in to the kreb's cycle

A: Krebs cycle is a series which comprises of enzymatic reactions that can take place in all aerobic…

Q: . Propose a mechanism for the reaction catalyzed by dopamine B-hydroxylase. Assume that copper in…

A: Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase catalyzes the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine. In this process,…

Q: Identify the substrate and products of the TCA cycle. Describe its organization in general terms.…

A: Cell is the smallest structural and, functional unit of life. It is simple machinery that houses all…

Q: Compare the delta ΔG0' values for the oxidation of succinate by NAD+ and by FAD. Use the data given…

A: ∆G' 0= -nFE'0where n = number of electrons transferredF = Faraday's constant∆G' 0 = Standard Gibb's…

Q: During ETS, terminal electron acceptor finally receives electrons from a.Succinate dehydrogenase…

A: Reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 retains most of the free energy produced during the process glucose…

Q: If α-ketoglutarate is removed from TCA cycle and used to make glutamate, how many of each of the…

A: α-ketoglutarate is an intermediate of the Krebs cycle. Isocitrate is converted into α-ketoglutarate…

Q: Complete the paragraph describing the fate of glutamate, labeled at the Cγ position with 14C, once…

A: Glycolysis is the process of converting glucose to acetyl-CoA. During aerobic conditions, the TCA…

Q: Explain why rotenone inhibits oxidative phosphorylationwhen the substrate is pyruvate, but not when…

A: Site-specific inhibitors of electron transport have been identified. These compounds prevent the…

Q: catalyzed by TPI, as illustrated at the beginning of Question #3. Explain why this step is suitable…

A: Glycolysis is a biochemical process that consists of ten biochemical reactions to convert glucose…

Q: Write out the balanced chemical equation for the FIRST round of oxidation of C16:cis-9.

A: in the first round of beta oxidation, we will have a 2C short acyl Co A, an acetyl Co A, FADH2 and…

Q: What is the difference between NADH and fadh2?

A: NADH and FADH2 play a very crucial role in cellular energy production. These are the reduced form of…

Metabolic pathways

Metabolism is defined as the group of life-supporting, enzyme-mediated chemical reactions in organisms. A metabolic pathway is a set of these chemical reactions that involve anabolism (synthesis of complex biomolecules) and catabolism (breakdown of biomolecules into small molecules) that occur inside a cell. Metabolites are the reacting substances, products, and intermediate substances of an enzymatic process that are altered by a series of chemical events catalyzed by enzymes.