. FAD is a stronger oxidant than NAD*; FAD has a higher standard reduction potential than NAD*. Yet in the last reaction of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex Explain this apparent paradox. FADH, bound to the Eg subunit is oxidized by NAD*.
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- FAD is a stronger oxidant than NAD+; FAD has a higher standard reductionpotential than NAD+. Yet in the last reaction of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex , FADH2 bound to the E3 subunit is oxidized by NAD+. Explain this apparent paradox.From the complete oxidation of glucose (glucose → 6CO2), how many total NADH electron carriers are produced and how many total nucleotide triphosphates are yielded (be sure to deduct payback) as part of substrate level phosphorylation?Pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. In this reaction, one molecule each of the catalytic coenzymes TPP, FAD and lipoamide participate in the reaction but are not consumed. OTrue O False
- Given the following information on reduction potentials, calculate the standard free energy in kJ/mol based on your understanding of electron transfer through the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Round to nearest whole number. Lipoamide + 2H+ + 2e- → dihydrolipoamide ∆εο = -0.29 FAD + 2H+ + 2e- → FADH2 ∆εο = −0.01Explain the advantage to the cell of each of the following regulatory actions: a. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is inhibited by ATP.b. Isocitrate dehydrogenase is stimulated by ADP.c. Pyruvate carboxylase is stimulated by acetyl-CoA.d. Citrate synthase is inhibited by NADH.e. PDC is inhibited by fatty acidsLong explanations are not needed. True or Falsea. One NADH is produced for every pyruvate molecule undergoing oxidation using the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase complex b. Erythrose-4-phosphate can be synthesized using the pentose phosphate pathway.
- Most defects in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex are due to mutations in ______, so supplements with ______ are given. E2 and TPP E1 and lipoamide E3 and NAD+ E2 and lipoamide E1 and TPPATP is a competitive inhibitor of NADH binding to malate dehydrogenase, as are ADP and AMP. Suggest a structural basis for this inhibitionAlthough phosphoesters are generally not energetic enough to donate the phosphate to make a high energy bond (e.g., a phosphoanhydride), the phosphate in PEP is used to convert ADP to ATP in the pyruvate kinase reaction. Carefully explain the ‘quirk’ of this reaction that makes it energetically feasible.
- Do you mean that "reaction themodynamically favorable" is the same as irreversible? PFK-1 conversion of Pyruvate is ADP to ATP, how would you explain this?What is the P:O ratio for electrons entering the electron-transport chain that originate from reoxidation of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase? A. greater than the P:O ratio for NADH reoxidation B. approximately the same as the P:O ratio for NADH reoxidation C. less than the P:O ratio for NADH reoxidation but more than the P:O ratio for Complex II reoxidation D. approximately the same as the P:O ratio for Complex II reoxidation E. less than the P:O ratio for Complex II reoxidationhow many ATP synthesized by oxidation of NADH by O2? Compare it with the ATP synthesized by oxidation of NADH by nirate and H2S.