What two substrates does the protein kinase MAPKKK have? MAPKK and Ras-GTP АТР and MAРКК МАРКК and Ras-GDP None of the options are correct МАРКК and МАРК
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- What type of mutation might render the following proteins constitutively ac- tive: (a) Smad3, (b) MAP kinase, and (c) NF-κB?When a signal ligand binds to the extracellular portion of the RTK receptor, in the MAP kinase pathway, what is the first kinase to be activated?Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (CAMP) is a molecule that can act as anallosteric activator of kinase enzymes inside of the cytoplasm. Describehow CAMP molecules affect kinase enzymes?
- Which of the following are characteristics of “small” monomeric Ras GTPases? A. Membrane bound B. Act as molecular switches between GTP & GDP C. They interact with receptors directly to regulate upstream events D. They are activated upon GTP binding E. None of the aboveWhat is the purpose of A kinase–associated proteins (AKAPs)? Describe how AKAPs work in heart muscle cells.You are a scientist studying two related congenital diseases, Noonan syndrome and Tiger syndrome. People with these syndromes are characterized by differences in heart development and skeletal morphology. Individuals with either syndrome are also susceptible to certain types of cancer, such as leukemia. Some cases of Noonan syndrome are caused by dominant activating variants of the MAP kinase-kinase-kinase protein Raf. The genetic basis of Tiger syndrome is unknown. Your team is involved in a clinical trial, which finds that drugs that inhibit Raf are associated with improved outcomes in cancer patients with Noonan syndrome. You find that Tiger syndrome patients also respond to the treatment, so you sequence the Raf gene in several patients, but find no mutations. Based on what you know about the MAP kinase pathway, you sequence the Sos gene in Tiger syndrome patients. You find that 5 out of 10 patients in your trial have a SNP that changes the amino acid Thr266 to Lys (T266K).…
- Between direct and indirect allosteric kinase inhibitors, which do you think requires a larger conformational change in response to binding of the allosteric modulator? Why?Which of the following would be expected to inhibit PKC activation by a GPCR ligand? phospholipase C inhibitor cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor Ras inhibitor MAP kinase inhibitorWhat purpose do scaffolding proteins serve in binding to Map kinase enzymes?
- Two protein kinases, barley kinase and hops kinase, function sequentially in an intracellular signaling pathway. If either kinase contains a mutation that permanently inactivates it, no response is seen in cells when an extracellular signal is received. A mutation that permanently activates barley results in a response even when there is no extracellular signal. You characterize a double mutant in which hops has the inactivating mutation and barley has the activating mutation. You observe that a response is seen in the double mutants even in the absence of an extracellular signal. In the normal signaling pathway, does barley phosphorylate hops or does hops phosphorylate barley? Briefly explain your answer.Which of the following mutations would produce a form of the Ras protein that would be more difficult to inactivate than normal Ras? Briefly explain your reasoning.(i) A mutation that allows Ras to cleave (hydrolyze) GTP more rapidly than usual(ii) A mutation that causes Ras to bind Ras-GAP more tightly than usual(iii) A mutation that causes Ras to cleave (hydrolyze) GTP more slowly than usualWhat is the mechanism by which R subunits inhibit the C subunits in protein kinase A?