Given the active site diagram below, which of the indicated components is/are necessary for proton shuttling? O.... NH+ -~ 2 +H₂N HN NNH Mn²+ O 03 5 1 and 5 1 Mn²+ 2 3
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- Components of ETC involved in redox reactions are organised from high energy to low energy”. Explain this statement and how does this play a role in transfer of electrons in ETC?Define the following terms: a. electron transport chain b. oxidation-reduction reactions c. conjugate redox pair d. reduction potential e. standard reduction potentialProvide the reaction equations that illustrate the synthesis of ROS from electrons leaking from electron transport complexes
- When free water molecules are excluded from an enzyme’scatalytic pocket, is a catalytic —OH group a stronger orweaker nucleophile? Explain.If the hydrolysis of 1 M glucose 6-phosphate catalyzed by glucose 6-phosphatase has a ΔG′∘ of −11.386 kJ/mol at 25 °C, what percentage of substrate remains once the reaction reaches equilibrium assuming no product was initially present? (Round answer to the nearest whole number)Assume you have an enzyme that catalyzes a reaction that breaks down dopachrome. At t = 0 s, the absorbance at 475 nm is 0.2 when you add the enzyme. At t = 30 s, would you expect the absorbance to be less than or greater than 0.2?
- At what substrate concentration would an enzyme with a kcat of 25.0 s-1 and a KM of 3.5 mM operate at 25% of its maximal rate? How many reactions would the enzyme catalyze in 45 seconds when it is fully saturated with substate, assuming the enzyme has one active site?Shown below are reduction potentials for four half-reactions. Which of the coupled reactions is favorable? (Note that for Cytochrome c you must multiply the reduction potential by 2 for each coupled reaction because only one electron is involved) a) 2 Cytochrome c (Fe3+) + H2O ó 2 Cytochrome c (Fe2+) + O2 b) NADH + Succinate- ó NAD+ + Fumarate- c) Fumarate- + H2O ó Succinate- + O2 d) All of the abovea newly identified bacterium called Nomore biochem is unable to synthesize ubiquinone. A mobile electron carrier called CXC3 is used as a substitute. From the information provided in the table, calculate delta G' and Keq value at 298K for the redox reaction that occurs in the Nomore Biochem electron transport chain. (constants: R=8.3 J/degree x mol, F= 96.1 kJ/v x mol Half Reactions E' (V) ubiquinone + 2e- + 2H+--> Ubiquinol + H2 0.045 NAD+ + 2e- + 2H+ --> NADH + H+ -0.320 CXC3 + 2e- + 2H+ --> CXC3H2 -0.450 explain the impact that using CXC3 instead of ubiquinone will have on ATP production in the cell. How might the cell adapt to this situation?
- Explain why the coupled reaction ATP → ADP + Pi in the P-class ion pump mechanism does not involve direct hydrolysis of the phosphoanhydride bond.The oxyanion hole is comprised of hydrogen bonding atoms that project into a space on the active site that will have all H-bonding potential satisfied only during the catalytic cycle of the reaction. True or False? The catalytic triad residues are all next to each other in the primary sequence of trypsin. True or False?In each of the following, tell whether the substance gainselectrons or loses electrons in a redox reaction: (a) An oxidizing agent(b) A reducing agent(c) A substance undergoing oxidation(d) A substance undergoing reduction