Given this information what price should Medicare pay for a PSCK9? Should a state Medicaid program pay more or less? Should Medicaid programs in low-income states pay more, less, or the same, compared to high-income states?
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After reviewing Institute for Clinical and Economic Review consider the following:
In the UK, very few drugs or procedures are approved if they cost more than $50,000 per QALY. Take the example of PCSK9 inhibitors. The PCSK9 inhibitors(PSK9i) are a class of injectable drugs approved in 2015 that have been shown to dramatically lower LDL cholesterol levels, by up to 60% when combined with a statin. The market
- Given this information what price should Medicare pay for a PSCK9?
- Should a state Medicaid program pay more or less?
- Should Medicaid programs in low-income states pay more, less, or the same, compared to high-income states?
- Should there be one $/QALY for an entire country?
- How would you expect drug companies to react to price limits set by public programs?
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- The mayor of Green City is considering whether to institute a Covid vaccine mandate for public employees. The fire chief opposes vaccination, and has threatened to resign if a mandate is instituted. The mayor believes that instituting a mandate is critical to getting Covid under control, and thus not instituting the mandate would costs the city -50 utility. However, the fire chief is critical to maintaining public safety. If the fire chief resigns, it would cost the city 75 utility. The fire chief believes a mandate would be an invasion of his personal freedom, costing him 20 utility. The mandate only impacts the fire chief if he does not resign. However, resigning his job as fire chief would cost him 40 utility. Draw this game. Identify how many subgames it contains. Then, solve the game to find all subgame perfect Nash equilibria.Government support for the development of Covid-19 vaccines took two different forms. Some firms accepted grants (a.k.a, direct monetary support) for vaccine development and testing. As a condition of the grant, the government has options to purchase a first and specific number of vaccine doses. Other firms chose not to accept grants. Instead they negotiated advanced-purchase agreement to support pre-approval manufacturing of vaccines. The purchase agreement stipulates that payment will be made upon delivery of the pre-specified number of doses. In the case of advanced purchase agreements, who bears the cost of a failure?Frustration over US pharmaceutical pricing has led researchers to develop frameworks for evaluation that can be used by any purchaser or patient making complex drug choices. One of the most prominent, the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review, uses clinical trial data and compares value -- per quality adjusted life year (QALY) -- under actual market pricing and other possible references prices for specific drugs. Do you think $/QALY is an appropriate metric for evaluating the value of new drugs?
- Government support for the development of Covid-19 vaccines took two different forms. Some firms accepted grants (a.k.a, direct monetary support) for vaccine development and testing. As a condition of the grant, the government has options to purchase a first and specific number of vaccine doses. Other firms chose not to accept grants. Instead they negotiated advanced-purchase agreement to support pre-approval manufacturing of vaccines. The purchase agreement stipulates that payment will be made upon delivery of the pre-specified number of doses. Is the successful development and delivery of a vaccine for Covid-19 virus risky or an uncertainty?Which of the following statements NEITHER describes, NOR is the result of, Increasing Returns to Scale? Group of answer choices A.) Increasing Returns to Scale shifts the demand curve for health insurance to the right. B.) An insurer's average costs continue to decrease as the number of customers it insures increases. C.) An Increasing Returns to Scale industry is a Natural Monopoly. D.) Industries with high fixed costs are Increasing Returns to Scale industries. E.) Increasing returns to scale are a source of barriers to entry.Multiple choice 14. Mark is a Canadian lumberjack whose income increases from $1,200 per week to $1,500 per week. If his demand for restaurant meals rises from 2 to 4 per week then...Select one: a.Ey = 3 b.Ey = 0.5 c.Ey = 2.5 d.Ey = -1 15. Which of the following would help support the argument for legalizing drugs?Select one: a.None of the other choices b.The demand curve for illegal drugs in relatively elastic c.The demand curve for illegal drugs is relatively inelastic d.The demand curve for illegal drugs is perfectly elastic 16. The Philippines Government is thinking of increasing taxes on gasoline and cigarettes in order to raise tax revenue. This would...Select one: a.None of the above are correct b.Be a good idea if gasoline and cigarettes are inelastic goods c.Be a poor idea because people would stop consuming these goods d.Be a good idea if gasoline and cigarettes are elastic goods 17. If Exy > 0 then goods x and y areSelect one: a.Substitutes b.Normal goods c.Inferior goods…
- NutraSweet Aspartame is a low-calorie, high-intensity sweetener known by Monsanto’s brand name, NutraSweet. It was the key to the success of Diet Coke and Diet Pepsi in the 1980s. NutraSweet made billions of dollars, yielding very high profits. Such profits usually attract entry, but in this case entry was barred by a patent on the sweetener and because the process of creating the sweetener was expensive and difficult. Monsanto had a distinct capability—its monopoly. It had also created another strategic asset—the NutraSweet brand name as represented by its trademark ‘swirl.’ The problem was that Monsanto’s patent was about to expire. As a result, the Holland Sweetener Company began building an aspartame plant in Geleen, the Netherlands, to challenge Monsanto’s hold on the aspartame market. Holland Sweetener was a joint venture between the Japanese Tosoh Corporation and DSM (Dutch State Mines). What did Monsanto do? Why? What did Holland Sweetener do? Why?List the costs and benefits of the following hypothetical policies: A. The US government offers a $5 billion prize to the first drug company that develops a cure for Alzheimer's disease. B. The patent length for drugs to treat fatal diseases is reduced to five years and all current patents for such drugs that are already in more than five years old instantly expire. C. The European Medicines Agency announces that it will instantly approve new drug applications that have shown any promise in treating Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (also known as mad cow disease), even if there are safety concerns or if the evidence of efficacy is not conclusive. D. The US government allows patients to write themselves prescriptions on weekends, when physicians are typically not available. E. The US government mandates lower out-of-pocket costs on brand-name drugs.Based on the best available econometric estimates, the market elasticity of demand for your firm's product is -2. The marginal cost of producing the product is constant at $150, while average total cost at current production levels is $225. Determine your optimal per unit price if: a. you are a monopolist b. you compete against one other firm in a Cournot oligopoly c. you compete against 19 other firms in a Cournot oligopoly
- Indicate if the following statement is True or False “The basis for building a Pareto is the 80/20 rule. Typically, approximately 80% of the causes result from approximately 20% of the problems.” True FalseGovernment support for the development of Covid-19 vaccines took two different forms. Some firms accepted grants (a.k.a, direct monetary support) for vaccine development and testing. As a condition of the grant, the government has options to purchase a first and specific number of vaccine doses. Other firms chose not to accept grants. Instead they negotiated advanced-purchase agreement to support pre-approval manufacturing of vaccines. The purchase agreement stipulates that payment will be made upon delivery of the pre-specified number of doses. 1. Is the successful development and delivery of a vaccine for Covid-19 virus risky or an uncertainty? 2. In the case of direct support agreements, who bears the cost of failure? 3. In the case of advanced purchase agreements, who bears the cost of a failure? 4. Pfizer was the first firm to have its vaccine authorized for use in the U.S. It did not accept a grant to support development and testing, but the Pfizer did negotiate an…The cost of reducing lead contamination of water for BigManufacture Inc. is shown in the table below. BigManufacture Inc currently releases lead in to the local waterways at a concentration of 5 parts per billion. The government regulations sets a limit to the lead pollution at 2 parts per billion accompanied by a $30,000 fine per year for each part per billion beyond the 2 part limit. What is BigManufacture Inc likely to do? Reduction of Lead Cost By 1 part per billion $20,000/year By 2 parts per billion $45,000/year By 3 parts per billion $80,000/year Group of answer choices Reduce lead pollution by 1 part per billion. Reduce lead pollution by 2 parts per billion. Reduce lead pollution by 0 part per billion. Reduce lead pollution by 3 parts per billion.
