Imagine that you are working as a postdoctoral researcher in a laboratory that studies how heartlipid metabolism in rats varies during the onset of type 2 diabetes. As part of your work, you arecharacterizing how the activities of three different types of acyl CoA dehydrogenase (ACAD)change with disease progression. The three ACAD types are long chain ACAD (LCAD),medium chain ACAD (MCAD) and short chain ACAD (SCAD). At the end of an ACADpurification protocol, that started with purified rat heart mitochondria, you collect the proteineluting from each of five separate peaks from a high-resolution anion exchange chromatographycolumn. One of these peaks is likely to be mitochondrial LCAD, another is mito MCAD while athird is mito SCAD.1. How would you obtain initial rate data from an ACAD activity assay? Describe an assay,describe how it works, provide an example of the expected raw data and explain how you obtainthe initial rates. What are the units of the initial rates?

Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (ACADs) play key roles in the mitochondrial catabolism of fatty acids and…

Answered: Imagine that you are working as a…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Which of the following is incorrect about the fifth step (conversion of succinyl-CoA, GDP, and Pi to succinate and GTP) of the citric acid cycle? a. GTP is made because succinyl-CoA is a thioester b. It is not regulated c. It involves a "substrate level" phosphorylation of GDP d. It is irreversible
Which of the following statements is falseconcerning acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC)? ACC is more active when protomers condense to form polymers Palmitoyl CoA serves as a feedback inhibitor The source of carbons for ACC comes from the carbon skeletons of malate that is exported from the matrix of the mitochondria in the form of malate Binding of glucagon triggers cAMP production, which leads to inhibition of ACC
When one acetyl CoA is processed through the citric acid cycle, how many times does each of the following events occur? a. A FAD molecule is a reactant. b. A CoA-SH molecule is produced. c. A dehydrogenase enzyme is needed for the reaction to occur. d. A C5 molecule is produced.
The following diagram shows the biosynthesis of B12 coenzymes, starting with the vitamin. DMB is dimethylbenzimidazole. (a) What one additional substrate or cofactor is required by enzyme B?(b) Genetic deficiency in animals of enzyme C would result in excessiveurinary excretion of what compound?(c) Some forms of the condition described in (b) can be successfully treatedby injection of rather massive doses of vitamin B12. What kind ofgenetic alteration in the enzyme would be consistent with this result?(d) Genetic deficiency in animals of enzyme B will result in excessive urinaryexcretion of what amino acid?
In the first step of the TCA cycle the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA is transferred to oxaloacetate to produce citrate. Where will the carbonyl carbon of that acetyl group be after the first CO2 is expelled? Group of answer choices The first carbon of α-ketoglutarate The last carbon of α-ketoglutarate The fourth carbon of α-ketoglutarate The third carbon of α-ketoglutarate
If acetyl-CoA is labeled with 14C at its methyl group, how many rounds of the cycle are required before 14CO2 is released?
Would the development of a “super statin” that inhibited all HMG CoA reductase activity be a useful drug? Explain.
All of the following enzymes catalyze a committed step EXCEPT: HMG-CoA reductase Fatty acyl-CoA synthetase Acetyl-CoA carboxylase I Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex All of the above enzymes catalyze a committed step The brain can directly use all of the following chemicals as energy source EXCEPT: Acetoacetate b-hydroxybutyrate Glucose Fatty acids All of the above can directly be used by the brain as energy source
For each of the steps below, choose (A) if the step pertains to b-oxidation, (B) if the step pertains to fatty acid synthesis, or (C) if the step is common to both processes. ______ Acetyl CoA is produced as a product.______ Activation (the committed step of the process) requires ATP hydrolysis. ______ Accumulated acetyl CoA serves as a substrate.______ The length of fatty acid carbon chain is modified in the mitochondria. ______ ACP acts as the acyl carrier.
Complete the following description of the mechanism of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by using words provided. Not all words will be used. Each word will be used only one time. Three enzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex work together to catalyze the production of Acetyl CoA from Pyruvate. First, a 2-carbon unit composed of Carbons # ____ and ____ of Pyruvate are added to the co-enzyme ______ and whereas Carbon # ______ leaves as CO. The C-2 unit together with the co-enzyme is called ______ .The C-2 unit is then transferred to the 2nd co-enzyme ____, which is initially in it ___ state. The enzyme that catalyzes this step is ______.From here, the C-2 unit is transferred to form a _____ linkage with CoA-SH to generate_____
Which of the following statements are TRUE? Multiple answers:Multiple answers are accepted for this question Select one or more answers and submit. For keyboard navigation...SHOW MORE a. Two molecules of CO2 are produced each time a molecule of Acetyl-CoA is oxidized. b. During the first turn of the TCA Cycle the carbon atoms of Acetyl-CoA become CO2. c. The number of molecules of ATP that can be produced in the Citric Acid Cycle by substrate level phosphorylation of ADP from two molecules of Acetyl-CoA is 30. d. Fumarate contains a trans double bond. The cis isomer of Fumarate is Maleate which cannot serve as carbon source for a cell. e. Lack of O2 would decrease the rate of the Citric Acid Cycle in red blood cells. f. If a potent inhibitor of Succinyl-CoA Synthetaseis is applied to liver cells both energy production and synthesis of carbohydrate would be affected. g. The overall chemical changes that occur during one complete turn of the Citric Acid…
Can you please pick the right answer in each parentheses? The regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis must coordinate the energy state and levels of fatty acids in cells. This is achieved by ["", "AMP kinase", "ATP kinase", ""], a monitor of the energy state of the cell, and ["palmitoyl-CoA", "oxaloacetate"], that provides allosteric regulation of ["HMG-CoA reductase", "Acetyl-CoA carboxylase"]. The regulated enzyme in this case is affected by its ["cellular localization", "polymerization state"] as well as its ["glutathione modification state", "phosphorylation state"].

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