In relation to cholesterol metabolism answer the following: A- Explain how cholesterol synthesis depends on the activity of “ATP-citrate lyase” enzyme? B- “3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA” is a common metabolite in two pathways, mention the names of these two pathways? What determine which pathway this metabolite follows? C- The combination of cholestyramine and an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor is very effective in reducing serum cholesterol for most patients with high cholesterol. Why is this treatment much less effective for patients with Familial hypercholesterolemia?

In relation to cholesterol metabolism answer the following: A- Explain how cholesterol synthesis depends on the activity of “ATP-citrate lyase” enzyme? B- “3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA” is a common metabolite in two pathways, mention the names of these two pathways? What determine which pathway this metabolite follows? C- The combination of cholestyramine and an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor is very effective in reducing serum cholesterol for most patients with high cholesterol. Why is this treatment much less effective for patients with Familial hypercholesterolemia?

Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter19: The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 22P: Study Figure 19.18 and decide which of the following statements is false. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is...

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Understanding the Mechanism of the HMC-CoA Synthase Reaction Write a suitable mechanism for the HMG-CoA synthase reaction. What is the chemistry that drives this condensation reaction?
Extending the Mechanism of Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase to Similar Reactions Based on the mechanism for the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (see problem 14), write reasonable mechanisms for the following reactions shown.
Complete oxidation of a 16-carbon fatty acid can yield 129 molecules of ATP Study Figure 19.2 and determine how many ATP molecules would be generated if a 16-carbon fatly acid were metabolized solely by the TCA cycle, in the form of S acetyl-CoA molecules.
Consider the complete oxidation of one mole of the fatty acyl CoA of capric acid (10:0). Determine the following: rounds of β-oxidation total no. of acetyl CoA produced total no. of NADH produced from all rounds of β-oxidation total no. of FADH2 produced from all rounds of β-oxidation total no. of NADH produced from the oxidation of all acetyl CoA in the TCA cycle total no. of FADH2 produced from the oxidation of all acetyl CoA in the TCA cycle total ATP yield
Complete the following paragraph describing the fate of the second 14CO-acetyl-CoA molecule incorporated into the glyoxylate cycle. The glyoxylate produced in the isocitrate reaction combines with a (A.) 2nd molecule of oxoaloacetate, B.) 2nd molecule of succinate, C.)2nd molecule of acetyl coa) in the malate synthase reaction. Malate is (A.Chiral, B.diasteromeoic C.)Achiral) ; therefore, the oxaloacetate produced from glyoxylate will be labeled at (A.Either of carboxylate carbon B. specifically at methylene carbon C. Specifically at carbonyl carbon D. Specifically at carboxylate carbon bonded to methylene).
The synthesis of the activated form of acetate (acetyl-CoA) is carried out in an ATP-dependent process: Acetate + CoA + ATP → acetyl-CoA + AMP + PPi (a) The ∆G’o for the hydrolysis of acetyl-CoA to acetate and CoA is - 32.2 kJ/mol and that for hydrolysis of ATP to AMP and PPi is - 30.5 kJ/mol. Calculate ∆G’o for the ATP-dependent synthesis of acetyl-CoA. (b) Almost all cells contain the enzyme inorganic pyrophosphatase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of PPi to Pi. What effect does the presence of this enzyme have on the synthesis of acetyl-CoA? Explain.
Complete the following description of the mechanism of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by using words provided. Not all words will be used. Each word will be used only one time. Three enzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex work together to catalyze the production of Acetyl CoA from Pyruvate. First, a 2-carbon unit composed of Carbons # ____ and ____ of Pyruvate are added to the co-enzyme ______ and whereas Carbon # ______ leaves as CO. The C-2 unit together with the co-enzyme is called ______ .The C-2 unit is then transferred to the 2nd co-enzyme ____, which is initially in it ___ state. The enzyme that catalyzes this step is ______.From here, the C-2 unit is transferred to form a _____ linkage with CoA-SH to generate_____
Complete the following description of the mechanism of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by using words provided. Not all words will be used. Each word will be used only one time. 5 Three enzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex work together to catalyze the production of Acetyl CoA from Pyruvate. First, a 2-carbon unit composed of Carbons # Pyruvate are added to the co-enzyme and whereas Carbon # of leaves as CO» The C-2 unit together with the co-enzyme is called transferred to the 2nd co-enzyme 11 12 The C-2 unit is then which is initially in its state. The enzyme that catalyzes this step is From here, the C-2 unit is transferred to form a linkage with CoA-SH to generate Acetyl COA Oxidized Hydroxyethyl TPP Phosphodiester Reduced Hydroxypropiony! TPP Lipoamide E-1 NADH 3 Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase Thioester 2 HydroxyacetyITPp Dihydropipoyl Transacetylase Type the words in the correct order separated by commas. Example: 1, 3, E-1, Thioester, Lipoamide ...
Determine if true or false 1. Isopentyl pyrophosphate (activated isoprene) undergoes cyclization during cholesterol biosynthesis 2. Malonyl CoA transacylase catalyzes the committed step in fatty acid biosynthesis. 3. Oxaloacetate carries acetyl CoA to the cytosol which is the site of fatty acid biosynthesis. 4. During fatty acid biosynthesis, propionyl CoA is the donor of the acetyl group. 5. During fatty acid biosynthesis, NADPH is used as the reducing equivalent in the process.
succinyl-COA synthetase will do which of the following: Select one: a. Fumarate is combined with water to become Malate b. alpha-ketoglutarate is oxidized and decarboxylated to produce Succinyl-CoA, Carbon dioxide and NADH c. Succinate is oxidized to become fumarate forming FADH2 d. Citrate is rearranged to become Isocitrate e. Malate is oxidized to become oxaloacetate forming NADH f. Pyruvate is decarboxylated to become acetyl-CoA producing NADH and Carbon dioxide g. Succinyl-CoA becomes Succinate and forms one ATP molecule and Coenzyme A-SH h. Oxaloacetate combines with the acetyl from acetyl-CoA to produce Citric acid(citrate) i. Isocitrate and then decarboxylated and oxidized to produce alpha-ketoglutarate, Carbon dioxide and NADH
In the first step of the TCA cycle the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA is transferred to oxaloacetate to produce citrate. Where will the carbonyl carbon of that acetyl group be after the first CO2 is expelled? Group of answer choices The first carbon of α-ketoglutarate The last carbon of α-ketoglutarate The fourth carbon of α-ketoglutarate The third carbon of α-ketoglutarate
Give answer of 1,2,3, MCQ's 1. Which of the following statements about delto-ALA (amino amino ievulinate Synthases are FALSE? A It catalyzes the rate limiting step in the pathway of heme synthesis B. It is allosterically activated by heme C. It synthesizes delta-ALA from glycine and acetyl-CoA D. It has a decreased activity in case of vitamin 87 deficiency E. Heme influences the concentration of delta-ALA synthase in the red blood cell precursor. 2. Select the correct statements about heme degradation: A. It involves the removal of Fe2+ from heme molecule with the generation of protoporphyrin B. During heme degradation, the protoporphyrin ring is opened and CO is released C Bilirubin is conjugated with UDP glucuronic in the spleen D. The conjugated bilirubin is transported in plasma by albumin E. The stercobilin that arises by the oxidation of urobilinogen confers the characteristic color of the feces 3. Which of the following represent possible consequences of an intense hemolysis…