In which organ are ketone bodies synthesized? And in which organelle does the synthesis occur? b. What is the precursor or raw material to synthesize ketone bodies? Why are ketone bodies synthesized in the organelle described in part (a)? c. Briefly describe the factors promoting the formation of ketone bodies in prolonged starvation. с.
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- Name the molecules used for gluconeogenesis. What are the sources of these molecules? Under what conditions would gluconeogenesis occur?a) What is the reason for the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway?b) Which compound is converted into which compound in the step where sequential dehydration and hydration reactions occur in the citric acid cycle?c) Why is ammonia released in some tissues carried by binding to other molecules in the blood? Where is it transmitted in the body for its destruction? What molecule is it transferred onto there? So what molecule does it make?Which folate structure (from the list below)(a) is the substrate for the enzyme that is inhibited by methotrexate andtrimethoprim?(b) has the most highly oxidized one-carbon substituent?(c) is used in the conversion of serine to glycine?(d) transfers its one-carbon substituent to a B12 coenzyme? What amino acid is synthesized as the end result of this reaction?(e) is the coenzyme for the thymidylate synthase reaction?(f) is not known to exist in nature?(g) is used in purine nucleotide synthesis?
- In relation to Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase enzyme, answer the following: A- What are the two isoforms of this enzyme, explain why there are two isoforms? B- What are the clinical manifestations associated with the deficiency of these two enzymes? C- Write down the biochemical reaction and the name of the metabolic pathway that these two isoforms are involved in, and how many ATP is utilized by these two isoforms?In germ-free mice, which harbor no intestinal bacteria, the O-linked oligosaccharides of intestinal glycoproteins tend to lack a terminal fucose residue (see Fig.). (a) What enzyme is not produced in normal quantities in these mice? (b) What monosaccharides tend to appear at the ends of O-linked oligosaccharides in these animals?Ketone bodies are exported from liver for use by other tissues. Because many tissues can synthesize ketone bodies, what enzymatic property of liver might contribute to its special ability to export these compounds?
- With fatty infiltration of the liver, the synthesis of phospholipids is disturbed. What is the biochemical basis of the development of such a condition? What are its possible nests? Justify the answer.How does a ketogenic diet decrease the level of urea in obese patients and increase the level of creatine in obese patients? (explain on a molecular level)The intravenous infusion of fructose into healthy volunteers leads to a two- to fivefold increase in the level of lactate in the blood, a far greater increase than that observed after the infusion of the same amount of glucose. (a) Why is glycolysis more rapid after the infusion of fructose? (b) Fructose has been used in place of glucose for intravenous feeding. Why is this use of fructose unwise?
- (a)What are the two superfamilies of proteins in which amylase is categorized? (b)To which superfamily of proteins does active site of the amylase belong?Is liver catalase active within a narrow or broad ph range?A. List all the materials required for beta-oxidation of fatty acids. How does this process differ from the Biosynthesis of fatty acids? B. Outline the pathway involved in the synthesis of cholesterol from six-carbon intermediate Mevalonate. C. Describe all the stages involved in the urea cycle (Transmination, Ammonia Transport, and stages of the urea cycle).