Database System Concepts
Database System Concepts
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780078022159
Author: Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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### Pseudocode for Finding the Kth Smallest Element in a Binary Search Tree (BST)

The task is to implement the `FindKth` function on a Binary Search Tree (BST). This function should accept a pointer to the root of a BST and an integer K. The function returns the Kth smallest value in the BST if one exists or -99999 otherwise. Assume that K is indexed starting at 0. Do not assume that height information is stored at each node.

#### Example
For example, `FindKth(a, 3)` would return the value `13` for the following BST:

#### Diagram Explanation
The BST is represented as follows:
- The root of the tree is `13`.
- The left child of `13` is `11`.
- The right child of `13` is `15`.
- The left child of `11` is `10`.
- The right child of `11` is `12`.
- The left child of `15` is `14`.

```
        13
       /  \
     11    15
    /  \   /
   10  12 14
```

### Sample Pseudocode
To find the Kth smallest element in the BST, follow these steps:
1. Perform an in-order traversal of the BST.
2. Keep track of the number of nodes visited.
3. When K nodes have been visited, return the value of the current node.

#### Pseudocode Implementation

```
function FindKth(node, K):
    # This list will hold the current count of visited nodes and the value of the Kth node
    result = [-99999, -1]  # result[0] will be updated with the value of the Kth smallest element

    # Helper function to perform in-order traversal
    function in_order_traversal(node, K, result):
        if node is None:
            return
        
        # Traverse the left subtree
        in_order_traversal(node.left, K, result)
        
        # Visit the current node
        result[1] += 1
        if result[1] == K:
            result[0] = node.value
            return
        
        # Traverse the right subtree
        in_order_traversal(node.right, K, result)

    # Start in-order traversal from the root node
    in_order_traversal(node, K, result)
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Transcribed Image Text:### Pseudocode for Finding the Kth Smallest Element in a Binary Search Tree (BST) The task is to implement the `FindKth` function on a Binary Search Tree (BST). This function should accept a pointer to the root of a BST and an integer K. The function returns the Kth smallest value in the BST if one exists or -99999 otherwise. Assume that K is indexed starting at 0. Do not assume that height information is stored at each node. #### Example For example, `FindKth(a, 3)` would return the value `13` for the following BST: #### Diagram Explanation The BST is represented as follows: - The root of the tree is `13`. - The left child of `13` is `11`. - The right child of `13` is `15`. - The left child of `11` is `10`. - The right child of `11` is `12`. - The left child of `15` is `14`. ``` 13 / \ 11 15 / \ / 10 12 14 ``` ### Sample Pseudocode To find the Kth smallest element in the BST, follow these steps: 1. Perform an in-order traversal of the BST. 2. Keep track of the number of nodes visited. 3. When K nodes have been visited, return the value of the current node. #### Pseudocode Implementation ``` function FindKth(node, K): # This list will hold the current count of visited nodes and the value of the Kth node result = [-99999, -1] # result[0] will be updated with the value of the Kth smallest element # Helper function to perform in-order traversal function in_order_traversal(node, K, result): if node is None: return # Traverse the left subtree in_order_traversal(node.left, K, result) # Visit the current node result[1] += 1 if result[1] == K: result[0] = node.value return # Traverse the right subtree in_order_traversal(node.right, K, result) # Start in-order traversal from the root node in_order_traversal(node, K, result)
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