sto ave 12.72 (M4) The authors of the paper "Serum Zinc Levels of Cord Blood: Relation to Birth Weight and Gestational Period" (Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology [2015]: 180-183) car- ried out a study of zinc levels of low-birth-weight babies and normal-birth-weight babies. For a sample of 50 low- birth-weight babies, the sample mean zinc level was 17.00 and the standard error was 0.43. For a sample of 73 normal-birth-weight babies, the sample mean zinc level was 18.16 and the standard error was 0.32. Explain why the two standard errors are not the same.
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- Historically, the proportion of people who trade in their old car to a car dealer when purchasing a new car is 48%. Over the previous six months, in a sample of 115 new car buyers, 46 have traded in their old car. To determine (at the 10% level of significance) whether the proportion of new car buyers that trade in their old car has this is  statistically significantly decreased, what can you conclude concerning the null hypothesis? A) reject the null hypothesis Or B) fail to reject the null hypothesisAn article23 summarized results from the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Pro- fessionals Follow-Up Study. The article reported (with RR = relative risk) that “Com- pared with nonregular use, regular aspirin use was associated with lower risk of overall cancer (RR 0.97; 95% CI 0.94, 0.99), which was primarily due to a lower incidence of gastrointestinal cancers, especially colorectal cancers (RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.75, 0.88).” Identify the response variables and the explanatory variable for these two results. Explain how to interpret the confidence interval about colorectal cancers. Would the association with overall cancer be considered (i) significant or non- significant? (ii) strong or weak? Explain. question 1 and 2In a study9 on the effects of AZT in slowing the development of AIDS symptoms, 338 veterans whose immune systems were beginning to falter after infection with the AIDS virus were randomly assigned either to receive AZT immediately or to wait until their T cells showed severe immune weakness. Output follows of modeling the 2 × 2 × 2 cross-classification of race, whether AZT was given immediately, and whether AIDS symptoms developed during the three-year study. What null hypothesis is tested by the difference between the null deviance and the residual deviance? Interpret. Explain how to set up indicator variables for azt and race to obtain the estimates shown.
- The director of an obesity clinic in a large northwestern city believes that drinking soft drinks contribute to obesity in children. To determine whether a relationship exists between these two variables, she conducts the following pilot study. Eight- 12-year-old male volunteers are randomly selected from children attending a local junior high school. Parents of the children are asked to monitor the number of soft drinks consumed by their child over a one week period. The children are weighed at the end of the week and their weights converted into body mass index (BMI) values. The BMI is a common index used to measure obesity and takes into account both height and weight. An individual is considered obese if they have a BMI value 30. The following data or collected: child. # of soft drinks consumed BMI 1 3 20 2 1 18 3…NutritionResearchers compared protein intake among threegroups of postmenopausal women: (1) women eating astandard American diet (STD), (2) women eating a lactoovo-vegetarian diet (LAC), and (3) women eating a strictvegetarian diet (VEG). The mean ± 1 sd for protein intake(mg) is presented in Table 12.29. 12.5 Using the data in Table 12.29, perform a multiplecomparisons procedure to identify which specific underlyingmeans are different.Three experiments investigating the relation between need for cognitive closure and persuasion were reported in “Motivated Resistance and Openness to Persuasion in the Presence or Absence of Prior Information,” by A. W. Kruglanski (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 65, No. 5, pp. 861–874). Part of the study involved administering a “need for closure scale” to a group of students enrolled in an introductory psychology course. The “need for closure scale” has scores ranging from 101 to 201. For the 73 students in the highest quartile of the distribution, the mean score was 178.70 . Assume a population standard deviation of 7.81. These students were all classified as high on their need for closure. Assume that the 73 students represent a random sample of all students who are classified as high on their need for closure. Find a 95% confidence interval for the population mean score on the “need for closure scale” for all students with a high need for closure
- A study on the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of sea cucumbers involved a random sample of size 12 at 15oC and a second random sample of size 5 kept at 18oC. To test the hypothesis that this range of temperature had no effect on the OCR, what is the degrees of freedom for a two-sample t-test?A Canadian study measuring depression level in teens (as reported in the Journal of Adolescence, vol. 25, 2002) randomly sampled 112 male teens and 101 female teens, and scored them on a common depression scale (higher score representing more depression). The researchers suspected that the mean depression score for male teens is higher than for female teens, and wanted to check whether data would support this hypothesis. If μ1 and μ2 represent the mean depression score for male teens and female teens respectively, which of the following is an appropriate pair of hypotheses in this case? Check all that apply.Leisure Activities and Dementia. An article appearing in the Los Angeles Times discussed the study “Leisure Activities and the Risk of Dementia in the Elderly” (New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 348) by J.Verghese et al. The article in the Times, titled “Crosswords Reduce Risk of Dementia,” contained the following statement: “Elderly people who frequently read, do crossword puzzles, practice a musical instrument or play board games cut their risk of Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia by nearly two-thirds compared with people who seldom do such activities.” Comment on thestatement in quotes, keeping in mind the type of study for which causation can be reasonably inferred.
- Low-Birth-Weight Hospital Stays. Data on low-birthweight babies were collected over a 2-year period by 14 participating centers of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Results were reported by J. Lemons et al. in the on-line paper “Very Low Birth Weight Outcomes of the National Institute of ChildHealth and Human Development Neonatal Research Network” (Pediatrics, Vol. 107, No. 1, p. e1). For the 1084 surviving babies whose birth weights were 751– 1000 grams, the average length of stay in the hospital was 86 days, although one center had an average of 66 days and another had an average of 108 days. a. Can the mean lengths of stay be considered population means? Explain your answer.b. Assuming that the population standard deviation is 12 days, determine the z-score for a baby’s length of stay of 86 days at the center where the mean was 66 days.c. Assuming that the population standard deviation is 12 days, determine the z-score for a…A hospital conducted a study of the waiting time in its emergency room. The hospital has a main campus and three satellite locations. Management had a business objective of reducing waiting time for emergency room cases that did not require immediate attention. To study this, a random sample of 15 emergency room cases that did not require immediate attention at each location was selected on a particular day, and the waiting times (measured from check into when the patient was called into the clinic area) were collected and stored in the table. At the 0.05 level of significance, is there evidence of a difference in the mean waiting times in the four locations? Main Satellite 1 Satellite 2 Satellite 3 120.08 30.75 75.86 54.05 81.90 61.83 37.88 38.82 78.79 26.40 68.73 36.85 63.83 53.84 51.08 32.83 79.77 72.30 50.21 52.94 47.94 53.09 58.47 34.13 79.88 27.67 86.29 69.37 48.63 52.46 62.90 78.52 55.43 10.64 44.84 55.95 64.06 53.50 64.17 49.61 64.99 37.28 50.68…A low-level CDC bureaucrat wants to please his boss by gathering evidence thatthe current government-mandated shutdown of society is not causing people’s mentalhealth to deteriorate, so that it can safely be continued for several years if anyexpert says it’s necessary.He polls a random sample of 1600 citizens, gathering data on such items asincome loss, weight gain, access to toilet paper, hours spent binge-watchingNetflix, and number of injuries caused by household fights, and compiles all thisinto a scientifically-weighted “misery index”.The mean misery index from the sample is 99.2; it seems reasonable to use apopulation standard deviation σ = 19.1.a) Does this information provide significant evidence (at the 5% level) that thenationwide mean misery index is less than 100? Set up appropriate null andalternative hypotheses, calculate the appropriate test statistic, find the P-value,and state your conclusion. (10)b) A CDC press release publishing the results of this study claims that…