succinate to phosphoenol-pyruvate
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Using diagrams show the pathway that is used to convert succinate to phosphoenol-pyruvate, which can be used to make glucose through gluconeogenesis. Be sure to show the structure of all of the intermediates along the pathway and show the name of each enzyme over the arrow. Also be sure to indicate other co-substrates or cofactors required (ie. ATP, NAD+, FAD, etc…)
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- Figure 27.3 illustrates the response of R (ATP-regenerating) and U (ATP-utilizing) enzymes to energy charge. a. Would hexokinase be an R enzyme or a U enzyme? Would glutamine: PRPP amidotransferase, the second enzyme in purine biosynthesis, be an R enzyme or a U enzyme? b. If energy charge = 0.5: Is the activity of hexokinase high or low? Is ribose-5-P pyrophosphokinase activity high or low? c. If energy charge = 0.95: Is the activity of hexokinase high or low? Is ribose-5-P pyrophosphokinase activity high or low?The Reactions and Meehanisms of the Leloir Pathway Write the reactions that permit galactose to be utilized in glycolysis. Write a suitable mechanism, tor one of these reactions.Based on your knowledge of the structure of NAD+ and an assumption that coenzyme dissociation is the rate limiting step of the alcohol dehydrogenase mechanism, hypothesize why a N249W mutation at the coenzyme binding site would increase the rate of catalysis.
- If a liver extract capable of carrying out normal metabolic reactions (including gluconeogenesis) is incubated with labeled pyruvate labeled with carbon-13 at the carbonyl carbon atom (shown in red below), where would the label be found in glucose? Explain both in words and by using the pathway figure you have downloaded and printed to support your answer (or marked online).If you feel any of the positions will be partially labeled, indicate that clearly and explainIf a liver extract capable of carrying out normal metabolic reactions (including gluconeogenesis) is incubated with labeled pyruvate labeled with carbon-13 at the methyl carbon atom (shown in red below), where would the label be found in glucose? Explain both in words and by using the pathway figure you have downloaded and printed to support your answer (or marked online).If you feel any of the positions will be partially labeled, indicate that clearly and explain.Fill in the missing numbers to complete the following statement regarding the pentose phosphate pathway. The oxidation of 6 mol of glucose by the pentose phosphate pathway may result in the production of ______ mol of pentose, ______ mol of NADPH and ______ mol of CO2.
- In Bacillus subtilis, threonine is metabolized by the following sequence of reactions: (a) oxidation; (b) decarboxylation;(c) transamination; and (d) oxidation to produce pyruvate. Outline this sequence of steps, show the structures of thesubstances, use abbreviations for the cofactors, and show any enzyme-bound coenzymes. What type of enzyme bound intermediate is likely for reaction (d)?Complete the following tables by providing the reactants/substrates, enzymes and their functions as well as the products in each step of the glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid, and fatty acid pathways. An example is given in the first step of glycolysis pathway as your guide. In the last row of each table, give the overall reaction or net equation.In the living cell, free energy made from one reaction can be used to drive another in an energetically unfavorable direction, provided the two reactions have a common intermediate (this is termed the principle of common intermediates). Example: In glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvate; in gluconeogenesis, pyruvate is converted into glucose. However, the actual ΔG for the formation of pyruvate from glucose is about -84 kJ/mol under typical cellular conditions. Most of the decrease in free energy in glycolysis takes place in three essentially irreversible steps catalyzed by, hexokinase, pyruvate kinase and phosphofructokinase. Use one of the 3 opposing reactions (in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis) to demonstrate the PRINCIPLE OF COMMON INTERMEDIATES
- In the last step of glycolysis, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is converted to pyruvate and during this reaction ATP is synthesized. Based on the fact that ATP is synthesized, which of the following enzymes would most likely catalyze this reaction? a. enolase b. pyruvate kinase c. aldolase d. pyruvate isomerase e. pyruvate dehydrogenaseThe glycolysis reaction map indicates that is also a substrate for the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), while product of the PPP and an intermediate for glycolysis. A. \beta-D-Glucose-6-phosphate; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate B. \alpha - D- Glucose-6-phosphate; glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate C. \alpha-D-Glucose-6-phosphate; glycerate D. \alpha-D-Glucose-6-phosphate; glycerate-3-phosphate is aIn the following diagram of glycolysis. Identify the steps that are amphibolic, taking place in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Also, identify the regulated steps and what compounds act as regulators.