Suppose that you want to study retroviral integration mechanisms by determining the nucleotide sequence at the integration site—several dozen nucleotides on each side of the viral–cellular DNA junction. Describe how to isolate DNA containing a junction site in amounts sufficient for sequence analysis.

Q: Targeting vectors use homologoues recombination to insert transgenes at specific chosen locations in…

A: Gene targeting by homologous recombination involves exchange of genetic material between genomic…

Q: Why is the adenovirus terminal protein essential for replicatingits genome?

A: Adenovirus is a DNA virus and contains a double-stranded DNA as its genome.

Q: To study the interaction between viral proteins and Z-DNA, how could Z-DNA-forming DNA be…

A: Human cells can protect themselves from variola virus by activating the genes that encodes the…

Q: Researchers have been determining the nucleotide sequences of variant forms of SARS-CoV-2, looking…

A: The question is all about the mutations that are defined as the abrupt changes in DNA sequences that…

Q: The dUTPase enzyme is used by the African swine fever virus to repair its own DNA, as the cells the…

A: The African swine fever (ASF) virus is DNA virus, having double stranded DNA as it's genetic…

Q: Why are nucleoside analogs active only against replicating viruses?

A: Nucleoside analogs represent the largest class of small molecule-based antivirals, which currently…

Q: list other biological examples in which specific (bacteriophage specificity) protein interactions…

A: Protein-protein interaction (PPI) is the physical contact or the interaction established between two…

Q: The Cas9 enzyme requires a short sequence called a PAM (Protospacer Adjacent Motif) for cleaving the…

A: A protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) is a 2–6 base pair DNA sequence tareted by Cas9 nuclease.

Q: Which of the following is a known characteristic or procesds that can lead to genetic changes in…

A: A virus is an infectious agent of small size and simple composition that can multiply only in living…

Q: How does homologous recombination with transfected disruption constructs can inactivate specific…

A: The plasmid does not contain the yeast origin of replication. The gene target constructed to…

Q: Some organisms have mechanisms in place that will override transcription termination. One such…

A: The HIV-1 (Human Immunodeficiency virus-1) Tat (transactivator of transcription) gene codes for a…

Q: General recombination occurs in bacteria where it is involved in several types of intermicrobial DNA…

A: Genetic refers to relating to the genetic material. The genetic material of a cell is the DNA…

Q: How does the insertional inactivation ofb-galactosidase allow the presence of foreign DNAin a…

A: Insertional Inactivation: it is a method of recombinant DNA technology , which is employed to pick…

Q: Azidothymidine is a Thymidine analog used to inhibit viral reverse transcriptase. Explain the…

A: AZT is a structural analogue of the deoxy thymidine. it was first synthesized in 1964. it failed as…

Q: The assembly of new viral capsomeres and nucleic acid molecules take place with the help of an…

A: A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells. A virus is idle…

Q: Discuss the genetic switch that controls the lytic versus lysogenic path in bacteriophage lambda.

A: Gene regulatory network that shows bistable behavior is known as genetic switches. It is studied…

Q: Before the integration of a transposon, its transposasemakes a staggered cut in the host target DNA.…

A: Introduction Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer made up of two polynucleotide chains that coil…

Q: Explain why retroviral integration systems are better than the bacterial recombination system.

A: Bacterial recombination is formed when the new DNA is the transfer from the donor cell to the…

Q: Look at the structures and predict the type of inhibition (i.e. competitive or non-competitive)…

A: Competitive inhibitor is a structural analogue of the substrate and competes for active site of…

Q: Discuss the penetration of the T4 bacteriophage during replication or infection?

A: Phages are viruses that use bacterial as a host cell.

Q: Explain the basis for the following statement: Transcription of two genes on a plasmid can occur…

A: Topoisomerase are the enzymes that participate in the overwinding or underwinding of DNA.

Q: Discuss TWO (2) methods of transformation of competent bacterial cells with the plasmid in Figure 1.

A: The genetic modification of a cell caused by the direct uptake and assimilation of external genetic…

Q: Explain how oseltamivir (Tamiflu) interferes with influenza virus replication.

A: The influenza virus is commonly known as the flu virus. An individual suffering from flu may…

Q: Describe the molecular features of a BAC cloning vector. What is theprimary advantage of a BAC…

A: Cloning is defined as the process of formation of the individuals possessing identical DNA. This…

Q: Which Class I element has likely experienced the greatest accumulation of mutations compared to its…

A: Transposable elements are the Jumping genes which are the mobile genetic material within the genome.…

Q: he Pfizer Covid-19 vaccine is one of the vaccines currently being rolled out for mass vaccination in…

A: Vaccine --  First human vaccine were used against virus was attenuated viruses .Vaccine can be…

Q: Find out if BamHI is a good restriction endonuclease for cutting the SARS-COV-2 genome? Give…

A: Endonucleases are enzymes that cut within the sequence of the DNA. Restriction endonucleases…

Q: Some Covid 19 vaccines in development use the adenovirus, a common vector used in gene therapies, to…

A: Note - we answer one question at a time.   The small parasites that are not able to reproduce…

Q: Which protein product of HTLV-1 functions as a transcriptional activator and is also considered to…

A: HTLV-1 is an enveloped virus that contains two strands of RNA within a protein capsid. It can infect…

Q: Compare the reovirus genome to those of influenzavirus and bacteriophage MS2. Why do…

A: Reoviridae family of viruses has a wide range of hosts which include invertebrates, vertebrates,…

Q: You receive purified mRNA encoding the peak protein of SARS Cov-2 as well as the plasmid pET32 (a…

A: DNA cloning with plasmid vector involves the addition of a foreign gene into a plasmid vector. The…

Q: Discuss the similarities and differences between nucleotide excisionrepair and the mismatch repair…

A: REPAIR PATHWAYS:- Both in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, there is a repair enzyme system to deal with…

Q: . Explain the basis for the following statement: Transcription of two genes on a plasmid can occur…

A: Transcription is defined as the process of polymerization of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) segment, in…

Q: Does CRISPR CAS9 as a defense in bacteria only work for double stranded viral DNA? or any type of…

A: Scientists can use CRISPR to persistently edit genes in living cells and creatures and, in the…

Q: PRDM9 recruits SPO11, a topoisomerase type II like protein, to induce DNA double strand breaks.…

A: Introduction PRDM9 is a DNA binding and zinc finger protein that trimethylates histone H3K4…

Q: A) How many origins of replication do you think the viral genome has, and why do you think this? B)…

A: Introduction Replication is a process by which DNA strands synthesize a complementary strand of…

Q: 1. What are the basic requirements for the insertion of λ into the E. Coli genome?  2. What special…

A: Hi! Thanks for your question. As you have posted multiple questions, we are answering only the first…

Q: Name a nucleoside analog. Explain how that nucleoside analog works. Which viruses are effectively…

A: Nucleoside analogues are nucleosides that contain a sugar and a nucleic acid counterpart. Nucleoside…

Q: What would happen to the ability of bacteriophage λ tolyse a host cell if it acquired a mutation in…

A: lambda phage or Escherichia virus Lambda is a bacteriaophage that infects E.coli. The virus is able…

Q: According to the double-strand break model, does gene conversionnecessarily involve DNA mismatch…

A: Gene Conversion means a modification or conversion of one or two alleles of a gene by the other,…

Q: Explain why rolling circle replication of plasmids is semi-conservative.

A: The process of making the copy of DNA is termed as DNA replication. There are three methods for the…

Q: You were able to obtain the RNA of the influenza virus. If you injected this into a susceptible host…

A: Virus have two types of life cycle in host cells . The lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle .

Q: A cell is infected with an HIV mutant that results in very little virus being released into the…

A: Introduction:- HIV ( Human immunodeficiency virus) is an RNA virus that target's mainly the helper T…

Q: The new Covid19 vaccine produced by two companies (Pfizer, Moderna) uses mRNA coding for part of the…

A: Since you have asked multiple question, we will solve the first question for you. If you want any…

Q: Tripartite motif-containing protein 5a or TRIM5a is a cellular antiviral restriction factor. Briefly…

A: Tripartite motif-containing protein 5 is also known as Ring finger protein.88 is a protein in humans…

Viral Replication

The virus is acellular and considered non-living outside the host cell. The replication of the virus occurs only inside the living cells. Only a few genes are present in the smallest virus, whereas many genes are present in the largest virus. These genes encode specific viral proteins.