The following are examples of how eukaryotic cells may control gene expression small RNA molecules O methylation of DNA and histones Ohistone acetylation O a promoter region that controls the initiation of transcription OEnhancer regions, which are frequently found very far away from the promoter region O alternative splicing of mRNA O RNA binding proteins, a 5'cap, and 3' poly-A tail on mRNA improve stability and reduce likelihood of degradation O Inducible and repressible operons

The following are examples of how eukaryotic cells may control gene expression small RNA molecules O methylation of DNA and histones Ohistone acetylation O a promoter region that controls the initiation of transcription OEnhancer regions, which are frequently found very far away from the promoter region O alternative splicing of mRNA O RNA binding proteins, a 5'cap, and 3' poly-A tail on mRNA improve stability and reduce likelihood of degradation O Inducible and repressible operons

Biology (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781337392938

Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg

Publisher:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg

Chapter14: Gene Regulation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 8TYU: Through alternative splicing, eukaryotes (a) reinforce gene inactivation (b) prevent transcription...

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The method of Northern blotting is used to determine the amountand size of a particular RNA transcribed in a given cell type.Alternative splicing (discussed in Chapter 14) produces mRNAsof different lengths from the same gene. The Northern blot shownhere was obtained using a DNA probe that is complementary tothe mRNA encoded by a particular gene. The mRNA in lanes 1through 4 was isolated from different cell types, and equal amountsof total cellular mRNA were added to each lane. Explain these results.
Regarding eukaryotic genes, it is correct to state that: * A) Distal enhancer-like elements decrease the intensity of gene transcription activation B)Mutations in intronic regions of a gene can alter the levels of its corresponding protein C)They are regulated only by promoter regions, being activated or repressed by the presence of transcription factors D)The junctions of exons and introns are recognized by splicing factors, which ensure the production of the same mRNA regardless of cell type. E) Activator and repressor proteins bind to the coding region of genes, regulating the intensity of their transcription
Regarding eukaryotic genes, it is correct to state that: a) Distal enhancer-like elements decrease the intensity of gene transcription activation b) Mutations in intronic regions of a gene can alter the levels of its corresponding protein c) They are regulated only by promoter regions, being activated or repressed by the presence of transcription factors d) The junctions of exons and introns are recognized by splicing factors, which guarantee the production of the same mRNA regardless of cell type. e) Activator and repressor proteins bind to the coding region of genes, regulating the intensity of their transcription
The insertion of transposable elements into genes can alter the normal pattern of expression. In the following situations, describe the possible consequences on gene expression.a. A LINE inserts into an enhancer of a human gene. b. A transposable element contains a binding site for a transcriptional repressor and inserts adjacent to a promoter. c. An Alu element inserts into the 3′ splice (AG) site of an intron in a human gene. d. A Ds element that was inserted into the exon of a maize gene excises imperfectly and leaves three base pairs behind in the exon. e. Another excision by that same Ds element leaves two base pairs behind in the exon. f. A Ds element that was inserted into the middle of an intron excises imperfectly and leaves five base pairs behind in the intron.
Transcription of eukaryotic genes requires the presence of a promoter and usually the presence of enhancers. An enhancer: A. is a consensus sequence in DNA located where RNA polymerase first binds. B. may be located in various places in different genes. C. may be on either strand of DNA in the region of the gene. D. functions by binding RNA polymerase. E. stimulates transcription in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
A bacterial species has a hypothetical sigma promoter that has the following sequence: TTGGCA - 18 bases - TATAAT What change in the level of transcription would there be if the sequence was mutated to: TTCGCA -18 bases -TATAAT 1.The mutation would move the promoter away from consensus and reduce the level of transcription 2.No change the consensus TATAAT sequence in the same. 3.The mutation would bind the promoter to the consensus and produce normal levels of transcription 4.The mutation would inhibit the promoter thereby inhibiting transcription
There are similarities and differences during regulation of gene expression in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Promoters, transcription factors and RNA polymerase are essential elements in transcription but their properties and function may differ.a) Predict the outcome or consequences of mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II in eukaryote without the presence of transcription factors (TF).
Consider Figure 3, which shows some features of a eukaryotic gene. A, B, C are exons while 1, 2 are introns. E marks an enhancer. The 5’ UTR and 3’ UTR are also marked. Which one of the following features would you expect to NOT be included in the primary RNA (before any processing has occurred) that results from transcription of this gene? Region marked E Region marked 5’ UTR Regions marked A, B and C Regions marked 1 and 2
Eukaryotic transcription A. is independent of the presence of upstream consensus sequences. B. may involve a promoter located within the region transcribed rather than upstream. C. requires a separate promoter region for each of the three ribosomal RNAs transcribed. D. requires that the entire gene be in the nucleosome form of chromatin. E. is affected by enhancer sequences only if they are adjacent co the promoter .
A bacterial species has a hypothetical sigma promoter that has the following sequence: TTGGCA - 18 bases - TATAAT What change in the level of transcription would there be if the sequence was mutated to: TTCGCA -18 bases -TATAAT Group of answer choices 1.The mutation would inhibit the promoter thereby inhibiting transcription 2.No change the consensus TATAAT sequence in the same. 3.The mutation would move the promoter away from consensus and reduce the level of transcription 4.The mutation would bind the promoter to the consensus and produce normal levels of transcription
For each of the following types of gene regulation, indicate whether it occurs in eukaryotes only, in prokaryotes only, or in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.a. differential splicingb. positive regulationc. chromatin compactiond. attenuation of transcription through translation ofthe RNA leadere. negative regulationf. translational regulation by small RNAs
The DNA sequence of the promoter region of E. coli xyzA gene is shown below. Transcription start site is the A (in bold) at position 43. 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 GAGCT GTTGA CAATT AATCA TCGAA CTAGT TAACT AGTAC GCAAG TTCAC Mutations were introduced in the sequence to identify residues important for gene expression. Indicate the effect of the following mutations on xyzA expression (increase, decrease, no effect, cannot be predicted). Provide reasoning for each answer. A. G3A (G at position 3 was changed to A) G9A Deletion of TCA at position 18-20 C22A T31A, A32T double mutant T35G G45C C48A B. What are the promoter sequences of the gene?