The problem below relates to the synthesis of several intermediates in the citric acid cycle, which is essential in the production of ATP through aerobic respiration. A set of experimental results relating the growth (+) of Neurospora on several media is given in the table. Based on the information provided, present the biochemical pathway for the substances oxaloacetate, fumarate, malate, and succinate and the locations of the metabolic blocks produced by the various strains.

The problem below relates to the synthesis of several intermediates in the citric acid cycle, which is essential in the production of ATP through aerobic respiration. A set of experimental results relating the growth (+) of Neurospora on several media is given in the table. Based on the information provided, present the biochemical pathway for the substances oxaloacetate, fumarate, malate, and succinate and the locations of the metabolic blocks produced by the various strains.

Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter23: Fatty Acid Catabolism

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 21P: Using the ActiveModel for enoyl-CoA dehydratase, give an example of a case in which conserved...

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Consider a yeast cell undergoing fermentation but with defective alcohol dehydrogenase (hint: In yeast, alcohol dehydrogenase is responsible for shuttling reducing equivalents of cytosolic NADH to the mitochondria.) (Assume that the deficiency is isolated and will not influence the function of other respiration components). In these cells/tissues, determine the following from the catabolism of the 2.5 moles of the disaccharide lactose (will be hydrolyzed first to yield glucose and galactose). Net ATP from glycolysis ATP from oxidative decarboxylation (if applicable) ATP formed from Krebs cycle (if applicable) Total net ATP
Consider an alternative glycolysis pathway that starts with the phosphorylation of glucose to give glucose-6-phosphate. This (hypothetical) pathway exists in a (hypothetical) organism that does not express glucose-6-phosphate isomerase. Instead, the next step of this hypothetical pathway is a Glucose-6-Phosphate Aldolase. Draw the product or products that would be obtain by the reaction of Glucose – 6 – Phosphate with Glucose – 6 Phosphate Aldolase. Assume the reaction is completely irreversible. Explain in 1-3 sentences how you obtained your answer
In the presence of oxygen, the mitochondrion in yeast is used for aerobic respiration,however, under anaerobic conditions,the yeast mitochondria have been found to have other function. Identify and briefly discuss four of these functions
If a slight deficiency in the Vitamin B1 derivative Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP) leads to an accumulation of substrates for reactions utilizing this cofactor, A) what substrates would ‘accumulate’ in a human after eating a an enormous amount of sugar-laden Halloween candy, AND what would be the regulatory consequences on carbohydrate metabolism? B) what substrates would accumulate in yeast cells cultured under anaerobic (no oxygen) conditions AND what would be the regulatory consequences on carbohydrate metabolism? C) and lastly, what substrates would accumulate in plant cells incorporating carbon and generating energy solely using photosynthesis?
If a slight deficiency in the Vitamin B1 derivative Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP) leads to an accumulation of substrates for reactions utilizing this cofactor, A) what substrates would ‘accumulate’ in a human after eating a an enormous amount of sugar-laden Halloween candy, AND what would be the regulatory consequences on carbohydrate metabolism? B) What substrates would accumulate in yeast cells cultured under anaerobic (no oxygen) conditions AND what would be the regulatory consequences on carbohydrate metabolism? C) What substrates would accumulate in plant cells incorporating carbon and generating energy solely using photosynthesis?
Consider the following types of cell and their respective conditions: a cell with ATP synthase deficiency* a yeast cell undergoing fermentation but with defective alcohol dehydrogenase (hint: In yeast, alcohol dehydrogenase is responsible for shuttling reducing equivalents of cytosolic NADH to the mitochondria.)* a brain cell with non-functional Complex II of the electron transport chain* * Assume that the deficiency is isolated and will not influence the function of other respiration components In these cells/tissues, determine the following from the catabolism of the 2.5 moles of the disaccharide lactose (will be hydrolyzed first to yield glucose and galactose). a. Net ATP from glycolysis b. ATP from oxidative decarboxylation (if applicable) c. ATP formed from Krebs cycle (if applicable) d. Total net ATP
The objective of this problem is to calculate the number of moles of reduced NAD and FAD generated per one mole of glucose consumed by bacteria, growing under aerobic conditions. The consumption of glucose by the bacteria is characterized as follows: for every 1 mole of glucose consumed, 70% is completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O, while 30% of the glucose is diverted to anabolic reactions prior to pyruvate undergoing oxidative decarboxylation. For the purposes of this problem, you should assume that all pyruvate coming to the TCA cycle is completely oxidized and none is diverted to anabolic processes at the diversion points of oxaloacetate, alpha-ketoglutarate or succinyl-CoA. Calculate the NADH and FADH generated
phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and represents the key control point in mammalian glycolysis. The enzyme is a homotetramer that is inhibited by ATP binding, activated by AMP binding, negatively regulated by phosphorylation, and competitively inhibited by 2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol-1,6-diphosphate. (a) Would you expect a plot of the initial rate of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate formation as a function of substrate concentration to show a sigmoidal or hyperbolic curve? (b) How would each of the regulators above affect the dynamics of the T state to R state equilibrium of phosphofructokinase? Briefly explain your reasoning. (c) If it were possible to isolate phosphofructokinase monomers in an active form, how would you expect the kinetics in (a) to be affected? How would the rate of the reaction be affected by ATP, AMP, and 2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol-1,6-diphosphate? Briefly explain your answers.
Using the ActiveModel for enoyl-CoA dehydratase, give an example of a case in which conserved residues in slightly different positions can change the catalytic rate of reaction.
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