they argued that promoter switching may be correlated with cancer development and progression regardless of additional mutations. What evidence did they have to support this idea ?
Q: Can we treat cancer by restoring tumor suppressor function such as mutated p53 or pRb? If so, how…
A: The process by which a cell gives rise to two identical daughter cells is referred to as cell…
Q: Briefly summarize the conventional wisdom (DNA mutation theory) of the cause of cancer. Discuss the…
A: It proposes that successive DNA mutations in a single cell cause cancer (monoclonality). This…
Q: drug that has been screened in cancer model through the generation of induced pluripotent stem…
A: induced pluripotent stem cells are the type of stem cells that are produced from the somatic cells…
Q: Genetic instability in the form of point mutations, chromosome rearrangements, and epigenetic…
A: Answer: Introduction: Mutation- These are the random heritable changes that occurs in the DNA…
Q: How can the role of epigenetics in cancer be reconciled with the idea that cancer is caused by the…
A: Epigenetics is the study of various alterations in an organism occurred because of certain gene…
Q: a way in which proto-oncogenes can change to become genes that induce cancer?
A: A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can turn into an oncogene due to mutations or increased…
Q: Bishop and Varmus’s experiment was a landmark work in cancer biology. What was the question facing…
A: Normal cells become abnormal when they divide uncontrollably and have the potential to invade nearby…
Q: Cystic Fibrosis is caused by a mutation in the CFTR gene, and an ideal form of treatment would be to…
A: Cystic fibrosis is an inherited life threatening disorder that causes severe damages to lungs,…
Q: researchers identified the important role of GNAQ in both development and cancer
A: GNAQ is G Protein subunit Alpha Q.It is a protein coded gene present on chromosome 9.It is a guanine…
Q: Changes affecting tumor suppressors generally require _____ alleles to be affected in order to…
A: Introduction : A protein that acts to inhibit cell division and keep it under control is encoded by…
Q: Mutations in three broad classes of genes have been implicated in the onset of cancer. Can you…
A: A Mutation occurs when a DNA gene is damaged or changed in such a way as to alter the genetic…
Q: Why is this system promising in curing cancer and genetic diseases? What are some of the…
A: Introduction Gene therapy involves changing the genetic instructions within a person's cells to…
Q: Why is it important to model cancer through the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells ?…
A: Genetic transformation happens when the genetic composition of an organism is transformed by the…
Q: Is there a possibility that by manipulating the microenvironment, we could disrupt the signals…
A: Mutator phenotype is seen in cancer cells. This condition is caused by mutations in genes that are…
Q: Could a gene be involved in the growth of both stem cells and some kinds of cancer? Explain your…
A: in stem cells we have an important class of genes called proto-oncogenes [PO] with are necessary for…
Q: In the treatment of cancer, the basis for many types of chemotherapyand radiation therapy is that…
A: The tumor is irregular growth of tissue. It is the first stage of tumor development. The…
Q: You found a protein called X in colon cancer patients that is over-expressed and is associated with…
A: Metastasis is the process by which cancer cells spread from the primary tumor site to other parts of…
Q: Describe three popular methods for silencing tumor-suppressor genes.
A: Introduction Tumor suppressor genes are those that slow down the division and development of cells.…
Q: . In selecting target cells to receive a transferred gene in gene therapy in an adult person, what…
A: To cure some of the human diseases gene therapy can be given to the patient. Gene therapy is the…
Q: Which of the following is NOT an example of a fail-safe mechanism that prevents the irregular cell…
A: Uncontrolled cell division results in the development of a tumor or cancer. There are many factors…
Q: 3. Figure on the right shows a DNA microarray assay of gene expression levels. In this microarray if…
A: Micro arrays are utilised for the determination of gene expression patterns in specific tissues or…
Q: Briefly, why is drug resistant cancer not as big a problem as drug-resistant bacteria?
A: Chemotherapy uses Multi-drug resistance (MDR) to kill the cancer cells and it is considered one of…
Q: many cancers have mutations in more than one of these genes how could this happen. how did a single…
A: Cancer or tumor results when there is a normal cell division and there is no control on the cell…
Q: List the 5 ways genes can be converted to cancer causing genes.
A: Cancer is a complex disease that leads to the uncontrolled cell division. It can be occurs by…
Q: Which promoter initiates which life cycle (lysogenic & Lytic)? Mention both types of promoters and…
A: Viruses reproduce by utilising a host cell to produce additional viruses, which subsequently burst…
Q: According to the multi-hit model, more than one mutation must occur in a cell for cancer to develop.…
A: A new multihit model of carcinogenesis is produced for use in assessing age-explicit disease rate…
Q: Describe how mutations in genome maintenance factors promote tumorigenesis. Why would inactivation…
A: The cells are basic units of life. When any mutation in the gene takes place due to any radiation or…
Q: In some cancer cells, a specific gene has been duplicated many times. Is this gene likely to be an…
A: Cancer is an uncontrolled division of cell that has a defunct apoptosis mechanism. Usually, when…
Q: The p53 gene is a tumor-suppressor gene while Ras is a proto-oncogene. Mutation in either one can…
A: Tumor suppressor genes are the genes that are involved in various checkpoints in the cell cycle,…
Q: The "initiation" stage of cancer refers to: a) The stage where DNA is mutated, and permanent…
A: Introduction : Cancer is defined by the following characteristics: • Uncontrolled…
Q: sulators can block the effects of enhancers only when they lie upstream of a promoter within the…
A: Genetics is the branch of biology that deals with the study of genes, their inheritance patterns,…
Q: You have a patient slated to undergo somatic cell gene therapy to alleviate a cystic fibrosis…
A: Answer: Cystic fibrosis is the result of homozygous recessive mutations in the CFTR gene.
Q: p53 is a tumor suppressor gene in human cells. Transcription of this gene leads to the production of…
A: p53 protein is encoded by the gene TP53, which is the tumor suppressor gene. Now we know that…
Q: relationship that may exist between mutations and cancer
A: Any permanent change occurring in the DNA base sequence is referred to as a mutation. The mutation…
Q: Do you think there are more unique alleles of p53 that lead to cancer or more unique alleles of Ras…
A:
Q: Please distinguish driver and passenger mutations in cancer.
A: Driver mutations: Mutations in known oncogenes that help cells establish or maintain the transformed…
Q: DNA sequencing has provided data to indicate that cancer cells may contain tens of thousands of…
A: Cancer cells are defined as the cells that will divide relentlessly and continuously; thus, forming…
Q: Why are PARP inhibitors effective in killing tumor cells with BRCA-deficiency but not Rb deficiency?…
A: Anti-oncogene or tumor suppressor gene regulate cell division and DNA repair mechanism. Any mutation…
Q: What were the key findings after modeling cancer through the generation of induced pluripotent stem…
A: The genetic information can be stored in the form of DNA, which may be converted into functional…
Q: Why do stem cells that have been damaged prefer apoptosis over repairing the genome? a. Stem…
A: The correct option is b i.e. the repair machinery is not perfect and therefore prone to make…
Q: Why would a scientist wish to induce mutations? a. to increase the number of mutated phenotypes…
A: Induced mutations are alterations in the gene after it has come in contact with mutagens and…
Q: Why is it important to model cancer through the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells ?…
A: induced pluripotent stem cells are the type of stem cells that are produced from the somatic cells…
Q: What are the advantages of having multiple types of promoters and enhancers?
A: Promoter sequences are DNA sequences that define where transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase…
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- Describe error prone polymerases and the process of translesion synthesis (TLS). In regards to tumor biology, what is the mutator phenotype hypothesis? What are some ways in which error-prone polymerases could be targeted for potential anti-cancer treatments?Each year in the United States, there are over 230,000 newcases of prostate cancer and almost 28,000 deaths. A 3.8-Mbregion on chromosome 8 (8q24), called a gene desert, has genes but contains enhancer sequences that potentiallyconfer significant risks for prostate cancer. One particular enhancerallele, which is known to be associated with an elevated risk forprostate cancer, physically interacts with the promoter region ofthe nearby MYC gene and facilitates its upregulation. Overexpressionof MYC, which encodes a cell-cycle regulatory protein, isobserved in multiple types of cancer (see Chapter 24). The riskallele has a frequency of 49 percent in men of European descentand 81 percent in men of African ancestry. Most of the differentialMYC activity associated with the risk allele occurs during prenataldevelopment, raising the possibility that testing for this alleleearly in life can be used to identify those in the African-Americanpopulation who are at very high risk for prostate…Mutational signatures of p53 are shown in this image (G.P. Pfeifer et al., Nature, 21(48), 2002) for the three types of cancer with the highest death rates in the United States: lung (~225,000 deaths in 2016), breast (246,000), and colorectal (381,000). These data can be obtained by sequencing the gene that encodes p53. Approximately 85 percent of lung cancers occur in smokers. Based on these data, calculate how many deaths due to lung cancer among nonsmokers were reported in 2016. How much does smoking increase the likelihood of death due to lung cancer?
- Describe the various post-translational modifications of HIF- 1alpha and how it affects the regulation of HIF-1al pha signaling. How might HIF- alpha alter the tumor microenvironment to promote tumor growth? Propose a strategy to prevent HIF-alpha signaling in the TME. What do you think would happen in a transgenic mouse with a total knockout of HIF-alpha?Studies suggest that the presence of oncogenic Ras is not sufficient to drive tumorigenesis. Instead, the activity of Ras needs to be amplified and sustained to induce pathological consequences. Recent studies have suggested a role for inflammatory stimuli on tumor development in the context of oncogenic Ras. Is the presence of oncogenic Ras necessary for transient inflammatory stimulation to induce chronic pathologies (such as cancer) OR is chronic inflammation essential for oncogenic Ras to induce tumorigenesis?The TBX20 transcription factor is important for the developmentof heart tissue. Deletion of the Tbx20 gene in mice results in poorheart development and the death of mice well before birth. Tobetter understand how TBX20 regulates heart development ata genetic level, Sakabe et al. (2012. Hum. Mol. Genet. 21:2194–2204) performed a transcriptome analysis in which they comparedthe levels of all mRNAs between heart cells from wild-typemice and mice with Tbx20 deleted. This study concluded that TBX20 acts as an activator ofsome genes but a repressor of other genes in cardiac tissue.How might a single transcription factor have oppositeeffects on the transcription of different genes?
- Proto-oncogenes can be converted to oncogenes in a numberof different ways. In some cases, the proto-oncogene itselfbecomes amplified up to hundreds of times in a cancer cell.An example is the cyclin D1 gene, which is amplified in somecancers. In other cases, the proto-oncogene may be mutatedin a limited number of specific ways, leading to alterations inthe gene product’s structure. The ras gene is an example of aproto-oncogene that becomes oncogenic after suffering pointmutations in specific regions of the gene. Explain why thesetwo proto-oncogenes (cyclin D1 and ras) undergo such differentalterations to convert them into oncogenesWould the function of KRAS gene be lost or gained in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer derived cells? Please explain why.All four genes that are used to reprogram differentiated cells to function as pluripotent stem cells are transcription factors that are also known to be protooncogenes. Many of the early adult stem cell transplant experiments showed the development of cancers in the transplanted tissues. Explain.
- The C-myc gene is a proto-oncogene which is highly expressed in breast tissue and appears to cause proliferation of breast tissue and its elevated expression is associated with breast cancer. Based just on the ChIP data from the previous questions (also shown below), which of the three drugs (estrogen, tamoxifen and raloxifene) would you recommend for treating breast cancer? Justify your response and explain the potential side effects of each drug.Cancer-promoting mutations are likely to have different effects on the activity of proteins encoded byproto-oncogenes than they do on proteins encodedby tumor-suppressor genes. Explain.Why is it important to model cancer through the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells ? Explain in detail the main findings.