
A First Course in Probability (10th Edition)
10th Edition
ISBN: 9780134753119
Author: Sheldon Ross
Publisher: PEARSON
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Question
Question 2
Use the following information to set up a 2 x 2 table and calculate appropriate measure of
association.
The following are the results from a population-based study to investigate whether high fat consumption
is a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD):
A total of 450 patients were selected from various hospitals and a total of 702 participants without CHD
matched by age and sex were selected from the neighborhood where patient lived.
A total of 405 CHD patients and 324 controls reported eating fatty food and the remaining reported
normal diet.
b) Draw the 2x2 table and complete the table.
Expert Solution
This question has been solved!
Explore an expertly crafted, step-by-step solution for a thorough understanding of key concepts.
This is a popular solution
Trending nowThis is a popular solution!
Step by stepSolved in 2 steps

Knowledge Booster
Similar questions
- Using the same anti-venom study, answer the following questions. A study was done on children (6 months to 18 years of age) who had (nonlethal) scorpion stings. Researchers wanted to know the effectiveness of a new anti-venonm. Each child was randomly assigned to receive a shot of the anti-venom or a placebo shot. Researchers recorded whether or not their condition improved over the next four hours. a. Identify the population for the study. b. Identify the sample for the study. (HINT: See #1) c. Was this an observational study or a controlled experiment? Explain how you know. d. Assuming the rest of the study was well-designed, use your answers to discuss whether it would be reasonable to conclude that the new anti-venom is effective at treating nonlethal scorpion stings in children. For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac). TTTTParagraph Arial 3 (12pt) 三,三,T. 回i:公 E=E= = T T, U HTML CSS O Mashupsarrow_forwardAn epidemiologist found five cases of “big toe cancer” in the Yukon Territory. Because there were only a few cases, the epidemiologist decided to conduct a matched case-control study to determine whether shoe size larger than 9 is a risk factor for big toe cancer. Cases were individually matched to one control for daily activity, history of athlete’s foot, and history of ingrown toenails. The following data were gathered: Shoe size > 9 Pair Case Control 1 Yes No 2 No No 3 No Yes 4 Yes Yes 5 No Yes Compute the proper measure of association. Interpret your results. If you were to investigate a rare cancer in Lynchburg, where might you look for data? What would be necessary legally and ethically to be able to utilize this data set(s)? Submit your thread by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Thursday of Module/Week 3, and submit your replies by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of the same module/week. 1arrow_forwardA researcher is interested in exploring the relationship between calcium intake and weight loss. Two different groups, each with 26 dieters, are chosen for the study. Group A is required to follow a specific diet and exercise regimen, and also take a 500-mg supplement of calcium each day. Group B is required to follow the same diet and exercise regimen, but with no supplemental calcium. After six months on the program, the members of Group A had lost a mean of 15.6 pounds with a standard deviation of 1.2 pounds. The members of Group B had lost a mean of 10.3 pounds with a standard deviation of 1.9 pounds during the same time period. Assume that the population variances are not the same. Construct a 90% confidence interval to estimate the true difference between the mean amounts of weight lost by dieters who supplement with calcium and those who do not. Let Population 1 be the amount of weight lost by Group A, who took a 500-mg supplement of calcium each day, and let Population 2 be the…arrow_forward
- The mean birthweight of an infant is thought to be associated with the smoking status of the mother during the first trimester of the pregnancy. Consider the following data from mothers divided into four categories according to smoking habits, and the corresponding birthweights of their children. Group 1: Mother is a non smoker (NON): 7.5, 6.2, 6.9, 7.4, 9.2, 8.3, 7.6 Group 2: Mother is an ex-smoker (EX): 5.8, 7.3, 8.2, 7.1, 7.8 Group 3: Mother is a current smoker, smokes less than 1 pack per day (CUR < 1) 5.9, 6.2, 5.8, 4.7, 8.3, 7.2, 6.2 Group 4: Mother is a current smoker, smokes more than or equal to 1 pack per day (Cur ≥ 1) 6.2, 6.8, 5.7, 4.9, 6.2, 7.1, 5.8, 5.4 Using Stata test whether or not the mean birthweights are equal across all four groups at the alpha = 0.05 level. What is the corresponding p-value? O 0.0284 0.0137 O 0.05 O 0.737arrow_forwardA scientist is studying the effect of a new type of exercise program on cardiovascular health. The scientist randomly assigns individuals to either the exercise program or a control group. The scientist wants to determine if the exercise program has a statistically significant effect on cardiovascular health. The scientist monitors cardiovascular health by measuring the blood pressure of each individual.arrow_forwardA study compared tooth health and periodontal damage in a group of 40 young adult males with a tongue piercing and a control group of 50 young adult males without tongue piercing. Here are the summary statistics: Group Sample size Mean of enamel cracks StDev of enamel cracks Tongue piercing 40 4.1 3.7 No Tongue piercing 50 1.3 1.6 One question of interest was whether individuals with tongue piercing had more enamel cracks, on average. Is there evidence at 1% level that young adult males with a tongue piercing have significantly more enamel cracks than young adult males without a tongue piercing? Which method will you use to perform the test? Choose the correct one. 1-sample T test 2-sample T test 2-sample Z test. 2-proportion Z test Which distribution will you use here? If you use t distribution, give the degree of freedom. If you use z or normal, give the mean and standard deviation.arrow_forward
- A group of disabled women ages 65 and older were followed for several years. It was found that those who had a vitamin B12 deficiency were twice as likely to suffer from severe depressions than those who did not.a. Describe the type of study being performed.b. Describe the explanatory variable(s) and response variable(s).arrow_forwardIdentify whether the studies described here are based on (1) single samples, (2) paired samples, or (3) independent samples. Cardiovascular disease risk factors are compared in husbands and wives. A nutritional exam is applied to a random sample of individuals. Results are compared to the results of the whole nation. An investigator compares vaccination histories in 30 autistic schoolchildren to a simple random sample of non-autistic children from the same school district.arrow_forwardWe are interested in analysing the effect of the lockout laws introduced in some areas of the Sydney CBD and nearby surrounds on the number of alcohol-related violent incidents. Suppose we have two samples of data on the number of violent incidents in a number of local areas of the Sydney CBD and nearby surrounds. Pubs, hotels and clubs located in a subset of these areas became subject to the lockout laws when they were introduced in 2014. The first sample is from 2010 before the introduction of the lockout laws, and the second is from 2015 after the introduction of the law. The hypothesis we wish to test is that the introduction of the lockout laws reduces violent incidents in the areas in which the lockout laws were put in place. We use a difference-in-difference model on the pooled data from 2010 and 2015. We find the following results: viol_inc hat = 33.21 (5.29) + 12.43lockout (7.01) – 4.19Yr2015 (2.98) – 3.32 (lockout x Yr2015) (1.85) N = 181, R^2 = 0.128 Where: viol_incis the…arrow_forward
- For which of the following would it be most appropriate to use an ANOVA to analyze the data? A researcher is interested in determining the most effective format for advertising. He randomly assigns 60 people to one of three groups: (1) television commercial, (2) radio commercial, or (3) magazine advertisement. Group members review the commercial and then report whether or not they would buy the product. In order to determine the effectiveness of different diet plans, 90 people are randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) low calorie diet, (2) low-fat diet, or (3) low-carb diet. At the end of 60 days, the number of pounds lost was recorded for each of the participants. Both A and B. Neither A nor B.arrow_forwardA food-frequency questionnaire is used to measure dietary intake. The respondent specifies the number of servings of various food items they consumed over the previous week. The dietary cholesterol is then quantified for each respondent. The researchers were interested in assessing if there was an association between dietary cholesterol intake and high blood pressure. In a large sample of individuals who had completed the questionnaire, 250 persons with a high dietary cholesterol intake (greater than 300 mg /day) were selected and 250 persons with a low dietary cholesterol intake (less than 300 mg/day) were selected. The 500 selected participants had their medical history taken and were classified as having normal or high blood pressure. The data are given here. Dietary Cholesterol Blood Pressure Total High Low High 159 91 250 Low 78 172 250 Total 237 263 500 Test 2: two-tailed test for comparing two independent proportions Clearly state…arrow_forwardStudy 1. Hunger and Psychological Distress A study was done to determine if food insecurity/hunger impacts psychological distress (this is fake data to make it simple, but it is based off of a 2020 study that examined the associations between food insecurity and psychological distress among older people in Ghana). Participants were broken into three groups based on their responses: no food insecurity, moderate food insecurity, and severe food insecurity. Psychological distress was measured on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), where scores range from 0 to 50. Enter data and test to determine if there is a significant difference between the 3 groups in psychological distress. Food insecurity: Psychological distress scores (higher = more distress) No food insecurity 5 6 8 10 5 4 14 9 Moderate food insecurity 16 14 9 7 14 8…arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
A First Course in Probability (10th Edition)ProbabilityISBN:9780134753119Author:Sheldon RossPublisher:PEARSON

A First Course in Probability (10th Edition)
Probability
ISBN:9780134753119
Author:Sheldon Ross
Publisher:PEARSON
