Which is FALSE about the protein that regulates tryptophan biosynthesis? O The recognition helices can change position O It binds to DNA as a dimer O t is a Beta-sheet saddle DNA binding protein O It represses transcription of tryptophan biosynthetic genes O It binds to DNA in the presence of tryptophan
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- When tryptophan levels are high in E. coli, what conformation does the trp leader mRNA adoptand what is the effect on transcription of the rest of the trp operon?a) conformation 2, transcription continuesb) conformation 1, transcription continuesc) conformation 1, transcription stopsd) conformation 2, transcription stopsThe figure below is a portion of a Northern blot which shows the change in abundance of the HS-X mRNA following heat show in Chlamydomonas. The time in hours is shown above. Not included in the Northern blot below is the use of a house keeping gene which is always expressed. This type of expression is described as _______________ while the expression of HS-X could be described as __________________. A. Induced, Constitutive B. Constitutive, Repressed C. Induced, Repressed D. Constitutive, InducedThe tryptophan operon is a repressible operon that is A. transcribed only when glucose is present in the growth medium B. not transcribed whenever tryptophan is plentiful in the growth medium C. permanently turned on D. turned on only when tryptophan is present in the growth medium
- Describe how P1vir transduction can be used to introduce a gene mutation into E. coli. Use your own diagrams to aid your answer. Remember to refer to the figure in the text. You should describe / show both the molecular biology and the transduction procedure. Tip: BioRender is excellent to create figures.Put these events in chronological order and explain why (i.e. each process listed). Sigma factor binds to RNA polymerase. Sigma factor binds to the promoter region. RNA synthesis begins. The double helix of DNA is unwound, breaking apart the complementary strands. Sigma factor is released.What type of operon is arabinose operon? Dose the repressor bond when arabinose is I present or absent in the medium? Indiuclr and absent Inaudible and present Repressible and absent Repressible and present A b c d which answer help asap
- In bacteria sigma factors: 1. Transcript factors2. Specialized subunit of the core enzyme 3. Signal termination 4. Guide RNA polymerase to different kinds of promotersHow long would the peptide be that is translated from this MILNA sequence: 5-AUGGGCUACCGA-3? a. 0 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4Antibiotics and Protein Synthesis Antibiotics are molecules produced by microorganisms as defense mechanisms. The most effective antibiotics work by interfering with essential biochemical or reproductive processes. Many antibiotics block or disrupt one or more stages in protein synthesis. Some of these are mentioned here. Tetracyclines are a family of chemically related compounds used to treat several types of bacterial infections. Tetracyclines interfere with the initiation of translation. The tetracycline molecule attaches to the small ribosomal subunit and prevents binding of the tRNA anticodon during initiation. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes are sensitive to the action of tetracycline, but this antibiotic cannot pass through the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Because tetracycline can enter bacterial cells to inhibit protein synthesis, it will stop bacterial growth, helping the immune system fight the infection. Streptomycin is used in hospitals to treat serious bacterial infections. It binds to the small ribosomal subunit but does not prevent initiation or elongation; however, it does affect the efficiency of protein synthesis. Binding of streptomycin changes the way mRNA codons interact with the tRNA. As a result, incorrect amino acids are incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain, producing nonfunctional proteins. In addition, streptomycin causes the ribosome to randomly fall off the mRNA, preventing the synthesis of complete proteins. Puromycin is not used clinically but has played an important role in studying the mechanism of protein synthesis in the research laboratory. The puromycin molecule is the same size and shape as a tRNA/amino acid complex. When puromycin enters the ribosome, it can be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain, stopping further synthesis because no peptide bond can be formed between puromycin and an amino acid, causing the shortened polypeptide to fall off the ribosome. Chloramphenicol was one of the first broadspectrum antibiotics introduced. Eukaryotic cells are resistant to its actions, and it was widely used to treat bacterial infections. However, its use is limited to external applications and serious infections. Chloramphenicol destroys cells in the bone marrow, the source of all blood cells. In bacteria, this antibiotic binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the formation of peptide bonds. Another antibiotic, erythromycin, also binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the movement of ribosomes along the mRNA. Almost every step of protein synthesis can be inhibited by one antibiotic or another. Work on designing new synthetic antibiotics to fight infections is based on our knowledge of how the nucleotide sequence of mRNA is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protein. Questions Why are antibiotics ineffective in treating the common cold and other virus infections?
- A binding site for RNA polymerase is called a ________. a. gene c. codon b. promoter d. proteinIn the absence of tryptophan, the trp repressor is Group of answer choices active and can bind to the operator. active and cannot bind to the operator. inactive and cannot bind to the promoter. inactive and cannot bind to the operator.If lactose and glucose are provided in the growth medium of a culture of E. coli, then a. Both lactose and glucose are metabolized at same rate. b. Lactose metabolism is favored. c. CAMP-CAP complex binds CAP site. d. Lac Operon is repressed. e. Adenylate cyclase is activated.
