WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ORGANIZATION The properties oflife emerge at the biological level of the cell. The highly regulated process of apoptosis is not simply the destruction of acell; it is also an emergent property. Write a short essay (about100–150 words) that briefly explains the role of apoptosis inthe development and proper functioning of an animal, and describe how this form of programmed cell death is a process thatemerges from the orderly integration of signaling pathways.

WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ORGANIZATION The properties oflife emerge at the biological level of the cell. The highly regulated process of apoptosis is not simply the destruction of acell; it is also an emergent property. Write a short essay (about100–150 words) that briefly explains the role of apoptosis inthe development and proper functioning of an animal, and describe how this form of programmed cell death is a process thatemerges from the orderly integration of signaling pathways.

Biology 2e

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781947172517

Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Publisher:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Chapter9: Cell Communication

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1VCQ: Figure 9.8 HER2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase. In 30 percent of human breast cancers, HER2 is...

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The properties of life emerge at the biological level of the cell. The highly regulated process of apoptosis is not simply the destruction of a cell; it is also an emergent property. Write a short essay that briefly explains the role of apoptosis in the development and proper functioning of an animal, and describe how this form of programmed cell death is a process that emerges from the orderly integration of signaling pathways.
Cell Communications Explain the role of the trans-membrane and the intracellular protein receptors in cell signaling (provide an example of each).
Help constructing a concept map? Example provided below. Many studies have indicated that autophagy and apoptosis play an important role in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury. In recent years, research on autophagy-related signal transduction pathways has demonstrated that the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is closely associated with the initiation of autophagy. However, the mechanism of the pathological relationship between this signaling pathway and apoptosis in spinal cord injury is unclear. In this study, we used an in vitro model of spinal cord injury to observe the mechanism of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and the apoptosis of neurons via the mitochondrial pathway. Mitochondrial pathway apoptosis-related proteins were detected by western blot. Akt and mTOR phosphorylation levels peaked 4 h after mechanical damage and then decreased. Following administration of the PI3K-specific…
Cell communication a) There are six main principles for transmitting a chemical signal between cells, name and describe two. b) How does a signal that binds to the surface of the cell reach all the way to the nucleus? c) What does it mean that a signal is G protein linked?
Cell communication .a) There are six main principles for transmitting a chemical signal between cells, mention and describe two. b) How does a signal binding to the cell's surface reach all the way into the nucleus? c. What does it mean that a signal is G protein connected?
3. The role of the cytoskeleton in Hedgehog signaling (actin rearrangements, microtubules)a. The Smoothened protein localizes to the primary cilium of the target cells. Suppose there is amutation that impairs a protein involved in basal body formation. How do you think would thisaffect signaling through Smoothened? Make sure to define basal body, explain its function, andrelate it to Smoothened signaling. b. Cos2 and Fu bind to microtubules, localizing Ci/Gli to the cytoplasm. How do you think a mutationin a microtubule associated protein (MAP) that functions to stabilize microtubules would affectboth the microtubules and Hedgehog signaling? Make sure to describe the role of the protein,regulation of microtubule dynamics, and how this might affect cells when Hedgehog is bothpresent and absent.
Figure 9.8 HER2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase. In 30 percent of human breast cancers, HER2 is permanently activated, resulting in unregulated cell division. Lapatinib, a drug used to treat breast cancer, inhibits HER2 receptor tyrosine kinase autophosphorylation (the process by which the receptor adds phosphates onto itself), thus reducing tumor growth by 50 percent. Besides autophosphorylation, which of the following steps would be inhibited by Lapatinib? Signaling molecule binding, dimerization, and the downstream cellular response. Dimerization, and the downstream cellular response. The downstream cellular response. Phosphatase activity, dimerization, and the downsteam cellular response.
The frog Xenopus laevis has often served as a model system for the study of apoptosis. Can you think of some reasons that frogs are particularly good models for the study of apoptosis?
Define Integrin adhesion receptor– mediated signaling pathways control diverse cell functions.
Predict the effects of the following mutations on the ability of a cell to undergo apoptosis:a. Mutation in Bad such that it cannot be phosphorylated by protein kinase B (PKB)b. Overexpression of Bcl-2c. Mutation in Bax such that it cannot form homodimersOne common characteristic of cancer cells is a loss of function in the apoptotic pathway. Which of the mutations listed above might you expect to find in some cancer cells?
Describe the general process of cell signalling pathways: what events take place for a signal to cause cellular changes? Provide examples and how perturbation of these events can result in “cancer pathways”. In addition, describe in detail a typical cancer pathway and its strategy to activate gene expression. What is the origin of many cancer pathways, i.e., during which stage of an organism’s live process(es) are they physiologically activated? Why is this important for cancer development?
a universal feature of cell signaling receptors is that they? a. undergo a structural (shape) change when the signal molecule is bound b. are present only in the plasma membrane c. are only ion channels d. are protein kinases e. aer only nuclear receptors