You are studying a gene mutation that alters neutrophil bacterial killing in a mouse model. To increase the amount of neutrophils in the peritoneal cavity, you can inject the peritoneal cavity with thioglycolate, which elicits a massive immune response. To observe the maxi amount of neutrophils in the peritoneal cavity, how many days would you need to wait? A 3-4 B 4-5 2-3 0-1
Q: Which type of bond helps to hoid the polypeptidn chains togather in an artibady? Oa disulfide Ob.…
A: Antibody molecules are composed of two identical light (L) polypeptide chains and two identical…
Q: 4. Here is an immunoassay to measure the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT) in soil. An organic solvent…
A: Immunoassay is a biochemical technique that can detect the concentration of target molecules by…
Q: The figure below shows antibodies bound to repetitive epitopes on the surface of a bacterial…
A: Answer: Antibody Antigen reaction : Antibodies are the peptide Y shaped structure which are produced…
Q: To put an end to the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines were developed against the virus and people…
A: Vaccines are antigens or proteins that help in eliciting the host immune response against specific…
Q: 2.2 The importance of pseudouridine in the making of RNA vaccines is: A) it reduces the tendency for…
A: Pseudouridine is an isomer of the nucleoside uridine in which the uracil is attached with a…
Q: An experiment was performed in mice. Wild-type bone marrow is used to reconstitute lethally…
A: The immune system is the body’s defense mechanism against infections and invading pathogens and is…
Q: how HPV was used to cure cancer? a. The HPV induced a type IV hypersensitivity immune response b.…
A: Human papiloma vaccine used in prophylaxis of cervical cancer
Q: Antibodies produced by one's own immune system can last up to about six months in the bloodstream,…
A: Antibody Antibody is Y shaped molecules which are made up of proteins. They help in fighting with…
Q: Research on HIV vaccines is progressing, but success to date has been limited to vaccines that are…
A: HIV or the human immunodeficiency viruses is a type of Lentivirus (a subgroup of the retrovirus,…
Q: True or false: RNA is conserved mechanism in eukaryotes. SDS is an uncharged detergent…
A: RNA or ribonucleic acid is the genetic material found in some living organisms, including some…
Q: Which, if any, of the following statements is incorrect? a) Each person makes many millions of…
A: Human Leukocyte Antigen is an abbreviation for Human Leukocyte Antigen. HLA antigens are proteins…
Q: Which ethical issue is solved by induced pluripotent stem cells? Mention one advantage of using…
A: Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are Artificial stem cells that are delivered from somatic…
Q: The graph in Figure 3 represents the information complied over a 10-year period showing the…
A: HIV destroys CD4 cells by using their replication machinery to create new copies of the virus. This…
Q: Humans have about 21,000 genes, yet can make millions of different antibodies. In 3-4 sentences…
A: VDJ recombination is Also known as somatic recombination, this is a mechanism of genetic…
Q: Two antibodies, one is IgM and the other is IgG, both can bind to the same epitope. Which of the…
A: IgM and IgG are two very important antibodies. IgM is the first antibody to appear in response to…
Q: Many undeveloped countries have low COVID-19 vaccination rates (United Nations, 2022). Only 1% of…
A: Introduction- Vaccine research as well as its development has now become an achievement which brings…
Q: Severe combined immunodeficiency disease is a life-threatening genetic disease in which children are…
A: RAG 1 and RAG 2 genes are Recombination activating gene 1 and Recombination activating gene 2. These…
Q: Symptoms of viral infections are caused by: (choose all that apply) A. Actions of the virus that…
A: Viruses are unicellular organisms with genetic material, such as DNA or RNA, encased in a protein…
Q: A researcher discovers that a breed of rabbits have antibodies that can neutralize HIV. The…
A: Antigens are the molecular structure, present on the surface on pathogen. Generally, it is protein…
Q: You have a patient who has been injured by a rusty nail. As a precaution, you vaccinate her against…
A: Answer- Tetnus is a disease caused by C. tetani bacteria. It is found in the soil and if it reaches…
Q: A 44-year-old man develops temperatures to 38.3℃ (101℉), chills, malaise, and nausea 3 days after…
A: Candidiasis is caused by a fungus called candida belonging to the Yeast family. This fungi can cause…
Q: H1N1 and H5N2 can undergo an antigenic shift. The H and N genes are independent gene segments. What…
A: Antigenic drift signifies the mixing of different inflenza genes from different species. Influenza…
Q: What results would be predicted if experiments were performed to examine the CD4 T cell responses to…
A: The antibodies are produced by B-lymphocytes in response to antigens. These antigens can be…
Q: Which of the following is NOT true about the production of monoclonal antibodies? what option below…
A: Antibody : An antibody is a protein that sticks to a specific protein called an antigen. Antibodies…
Q: Bacteria In the petri dish in Figure 1, the bacteria Esherichia coli (E. coli) was grown and treated…
A: Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms (nucleus is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane)…
Q: Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the thymus are __________lymphocytes.
A: Since you have posted multiple questions, we solve the first question for you. To get the remaining…
Q: Several cell culture lines of epithelial cells, called “Cell Line A, B, or C,” are incubated with…
A: Epithelial cells are present on the surfaces and line the inner surface of the body, such as the…
Q: You extract B cells and dilute the cells so there’s one B cell in each well of a 10-well plate. You…
A: The ability of the body to defend itself against invading foreign agents like bacteria, viruses or…
Q: 1. Recently, a human lung (a respiratory organ) was produced by using a patient's own stem cells.…
A: Differentiation is the tendency of stem cells to transform into any cell in the body. They may be…
Q: Why are mutations in the spike protein of special interest in regard to vaccine evasion? O Because…
A: The covid-19 pandemic has shook the entire world. The infectivity of the virus strain is of much…
Q: Which of the following is true? a. conjugated vaccines are always those in which there is more than…
A: A conjugate vaccine is defined as a type of vaccine subunit that is made by the combination of the…
Q: How does having a capsule increase the virulence of a bacteria cell? A capsule gives bacteria…
A: Certain bacteria possess an additional outer covering beyond their cell wall. This outer covering is…
Q: You are a scientist raising two colonies of mice that are identical except for their exposure to…
A: Using measures of motor activity and anxiety-like behavior, we demonstrate that germ free (GF) mice…
Q: Bacteriophage are very specific in the types of cells they can infect. Some see this as a possible…
A: A bacteriophage also known informally as a phage is a virus that infects and replicates within…
Q: Notice the comment that after treatment your CD4 count should rise. Why does treatment allow CD4s to…
A: CD4 are white blood cells that fights pathogens and is essential part of immune system.The number of…
Q: As shown , several medical agents are now commercially produced by genetically engineered…
A: Genetically modified organisms play an important role in increasing the production of crops. Crops…
Q: All of the following are true about neutralizing antibodies, except: Group of answer choices Bind…
A: A neutralizing antibody (NAb) is an antibody that is responsible for defending cells from pathogens.…
Q: The concern with using non-infectious viral vaccines is that they fail to generate ___________.…
A: The concern with using non-infectious viral vaccines is that they fail to generate memory killer T…
Q: Embryonic stem cells have the potential to do all of the following except _____. a be rejected by a…
A: Embryonic stem cells are the stem cells from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst of an embryo…
Q: Which of the following is the most likely explanation for an individual who lacks CCR5 as a result…
A: Introduction Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two Lentivirus (a retrovirus subgroup)…
Q: You extract B cells and dilute the cells so there’s one B cell in each well of a 10-well plate. You…
A: Animal physiology is the systematic study of the supporting features, roles, and processes of…
Q: Based off of the concept of the COVID-19 vaccination, which of the following conditions is very…
A: The COVID-19 vaccine is formed from the mRNA of the virus particles and in some cases the harmless…
Q: 2.1 The advantage of an RNA vaccine over an adenoviral vaccine is: A) the RNA is short-lived and…
A: Vaccine provides active acquired immunity to the human’s against the specific organism. Thus vaccine…
Q: Primary immunodeficiency (PID) is a heterogeneous group of rare disorders characterized by reduced…
A: 1.Primary immunodeficiency signs and symptoms Poor growth or loss of weight Recurrence of…
Q: When a molecule is conserved through evolution, strong immunogenicity does not develop, this occurs…
A: The immune system checks the body for infections or problem-causing chemicals and fights any harmful…
Q: What is one reason SARS-CoV-2 can remain undetected in a person
A: SARS-COV-2 it stands for severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 it is the one which is…
Q: Scientists used FACS to discover and isolate common myeloid progenitor cells from other bone marrow…
A: Myeloid progenitor cells (MPCs) also known as myeloid progenies (MPs) are multipotent, self-renewing…
Pls help!
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- To understand the genes responsible for growth and infectivity in a disease-causing bacterial strain, you perform chemical mutagenesis on a culture of these bacteria. In the course of your investigation into the properties of the resulting mutants, you identify a set of mutant bacteria that is still viable but their virulence is significantly impaired. How might these mutants be useful for vaccine development?Despite our advancement in Science and Technology, thanks to the invention of the early scientists Robert Hooke and Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek that paved the way to the discovery of cells and the cure of many diseases, why is it that there are still many who are hesitant to have themselves immunized by COVID-19 vaccines? Please answer with 500 wordsThe immunoglobulin molecules of a particular mammalian species have kappa and lambda light chains and heavy chains. The kappa gene consists of 250 V and 8 J segments. The lambda gene contains 200 V and 4 J segments. The gene for the heavy chain consists of 300 V, 8 J, and 4 D segments. If just somatic recombination and random combinations of light and heavy chains are taken into consideration, how many different types of antibodies can be produced by this species?
- Borrelia hermsii is a spirochete bacterium, transmitted by tick bites, that causes an illness characterized by a relapsing fever. The bacteria enter the host bloodstream and replicate there. Studies in mice show that episodes of bacteremia (bacteria in the blood) are efficiently controlled by anti-bacterial antibodies, but interestingly, follicular B cells are not required for this response, nor is the response impaired by splenectomizing the mice (i.e., removing the spleen). Which B cells are most likely responsible for this antibody response?Which of the following is false when considering the CCR5Δ32 mutation? a) The mutation prevents the entry of HIV-1 into a T cell. b) The deletion that produced CCR5Δ32 caused a frameshift which extends the length of the protein product. c) CCR5Δ32 prevents infection by HIV-1 in homozygotes but only delays the onset of HIV symptoms in heterozygotes. d) The protein product produced by CCR5Δ32 is altered in such a manner that it cannot embed in the cell membrane.The diagram in the first figure shows simplified versions of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus, the T-cell receptor b chain locus, and the locus encoding the RAG-1 and RAG-2 recombinases. For the sake of this question, imagine that these diagrams represent all of the gene segments present in the immunoglobulin heavy chain and T-cell receptor b chain locus. You now analyze five individuals, each of which has a single inactivating mutation in a region of one of these three loci. These mutations are each indicated by a red ‘X’ in the second figure, and are numbered 1–5. For each of these inactivating mutations, indicate the alterations and/or defects that would be seen in the repertoire of antigen receptors found in mature B and T cells in that individual. Also, for each mutation, indicate whether the individual would likely show any immunodeficiency, such as a history of recurrent infections.
- One strategy for vaccine development currently under investigation is the use of pathogen-derived T cell epitopes as a component of the vaccine. For viral pathogens, implementing this strategy involves scanning the predicted amino acid sequences of the viral proteins for likely peptide epitopes that would bind to MHC class I and MHC class II molecules. In addition to the complication of MHC sequence polymorphism in the human population, another complication of this strategy for peptide epitopes that would bind to MHC class II proteins is: The importance of viral proteins containing peptides that are cleaved into 8–10 amino acid long fragments. The ability of viruses to mutate their proteins to avoid MHC anchor residue sequences. The fact that long peptides (>13 amino acids) are rapidly degraded in cells. The fact that MHC class II proteins are intrinsically stable, even in the absence of binding to a peptide. The absence of defined sequence motifs that predict peptide binding to…A study is performed in persons with an immunodeficiency disease in which activation of macrophages and B cells by CD4 cells is ineffective. It is observed that all affected persons are males. Laboratory studies show an elevated serum IgM but decreased IgG and IgA. This disorder is most likely to be caused by a mutation in a gene encoding for which of the following? a.CD40 ligand b.Adenine deaminase c.Cytochrome b558 d.Complement C3The experiment shown in thefigure below uses two strains of mice that differ in their MHC genes. Strain A is H-2a and Strain B is H-2b. Mice of each strain are infected with the virus LCMV, and T cells are isolated at day 8 post-infection. These T cells are mixed with target cells that express either H-2a or H-2b; in each case, the target cells are either uninfected or infected with LCMV. After a four-hour incubation of T cells with target cells, the percentage of target cells lysed by the T cells is shown in the graph. The explanation for the results of this experiment is: Mice of strain B do not make a T cell response to LCMV. Mice of strain A make a more robust T cell response to LCMV than mice of strain B. Target cells that express H-2b cannot be infected with LCMV. T cells from mice of strain A only recognize viral peptides on target cells expressing H-2a. LCMV peptides do not bind to MHC class I molecules from H-2b mice.
- picture 1 shows the directed migration of two immune cell types, neutrophils (red) and macrophages (green) to a laser-induced injury in the ear of a mouse. As you can observe from the video, there are three stages to this process: 1) an initial phase characterized by fast recruitment of neutrophils (red) to the site of injury followed by 2) the slower recruitment of macrophages after which 3) the interaction between both cell types is stabilized. Recruitment to the injury site is mediated by leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a potent immune signaling molecule (Figure 1A). LTB4 binds to BLT1, a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), activating various signaling pathways and resulting in immune cell migration to the site of injury (Figure 1B). With this background information and your knowledge of cell and molecular biology, describe in detail in your own words, as many molecular processes as you can identify that must take place for the cell migration process depicted in the video to be achieved. For…B cells are specialized blood cells that secrete antibodies. Normally, human blood has millions of differenttypes of B cells making millions of different kinds ofantibody molecules. This variety occurs because, as described in the Fast Forward Box in Chapter 13 entitledProgrammed DNA Rearrangements and the ImmuneSystem, antibody genes undergo rearrangements in theprecursors of B cells. Individual B cell precursorsrearrange their antibody genes in different ways.In the blood of patients with cancers called B celllymphomas, almost all of the antibody molecules areall of one type, but this single type of antibody isdifferent in different lymphoma patients.a. Based on this information, provide a brief description of the genesis of B cell lymphomas, focusingon the cells that are overproliferating.Which of the following is the most likely explanation for an individual who lacks CCR5 as a result of a homozygous defect in the CCR5 gene becoming infected with HIV? a. The mutated CCR5 genes reverted to the normal form, rendering macrophages susceptible to macrophagetropic HIV variants. b. The macrophage-tropic HIV variant entered host cells using CD4 alone. c. The viral nucleic acid alone was taken up by cells, as in cell transformation by bacterial DNA. d. The individual had received a transplant of HIV-infected cells expressing normal CCR5. e. The primary infection involved a lymphocyte-tropic strain of HIV that used CXCR4 as its co-receptor.