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All Textbook Solutions for Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity

3Q 4Q 1CYU 1RC How are the d electrons of Pt distributed in a d-orbital splitting diagram?What are the electron configurations for Nd and Eu?3CS 4CS 5CS 1PS 2PS Identify a cation of a first series transition metal that is isoelectronic with each of the following. (a) Fe3+ (b) Zn2+ (c) Fe2+ (d) Cr3+Match up the isoelectronic ions on the following list. Cu+ Mn2+ Fe2+ Co3+ Fe3+ Zn2+ Ti2+ V3+5PS 6PS Which of the following ligands is expected to be monodentate, and which might be polydentate? (a) CH3NH2 (b) CH3CN (c) N3 (d) en (e) Br (f) phen One of the following nitrogen compounds or ions is not capable of serving as a ligand: NH4+, NH3, NH2. Identify this species, and explain your answer.9PS 10PS 11PS 12PS 13PS 14PS 15PS 16PS Give the name or formula for each ion or compound, as appropriate. (a) pentaaquahydroxoiron(III) ion (b) K2[Ni(CN)4] (c) K[Cr(C2O4)2(H2O)2] (d) ammonium tetrachloroplatinate(II)18PS 19PS 20PS 21PS 22PS 23PS 24PS 25PS 26PS 27PS 28PS 29PS 30PS In water, the titanium(III) ion, [Ti(H2O)6]3+, has a broad absorption band centered at about 500 nm. What color light is absorbed by the ion?32PS 33GQ 34GQ How many unpaired electrons are expected for high-spin and low-spin complexes of Fe2+?36GQ Which of the following complex ions is (are) square-planar? (a) [Ti(CN)4]2 (b) [Ni(CN)4]2 (c) [Zn(CN)4]2 (d) [Pt(CN)4]2 38GQ How many geometric isomers are possible for the square-planar complex ion [Pt(NH3)(CN)Cl2)?For a tetrahedral complex of a metal in the first transition series, which of the following statements concerning energies of the 3d orbitals is correct? (a) The five d orbitals have the same energy. (b) The dx2y2 and dz2orbitals are higher in energy than the dxz, dyz and dxy orbitals. (c) The dxz, dyz and dxy orbitals are higher in energy than the dx2y2and dz2orbitals.41GQ 42GQ 43GQ A platinum-containing compound, known as Magnuss green salt, has the formula [Pt(NH3)4][PtCl4] (in which both platinum ions are Pt2+). Name the cation and the anion.45GQ 46GQ 47GQ How many geometric isomers of the complex ion [Cr(dmen)3]3+ can exist? (dmen is the bidentate ligand 1,1-dimethylethylenediamine.) 1,1-Dimethylethylenediamine, dmen 49GQ 50GQ 51GQ The square-planar complex Pt(en)Cl2 has chloride ligands in a cis configuration. No trans isomer is known. Based on the bond lengths and bond angles of carbon and nitrogen in the ethylenediamine ligand, explain why the trans compound is not possible.The complex [Mn(H2O)6]2+ has five unpaired electrons, whereas [Mn(CN)6]4 has only one. Using the ligand field model, depict the electron configuration for each ion. What can you conclude about the effects of the different ligands on the magnitude of 0?Experiments show that K4[Cr(CN)6] is paramagnetic and has two unpaired electrons. The related complex K4[Cr(SCN)6] is paramagnetic and has four unpaired electrons. Account for the magnetism of each compound using the ligand field model. Predict where the SCN ion occurs in the spectro-chemical series relative to CN.Give a systematic name or the formula for the following: (a) (NH4)2[CuCl4] (b) tetraaquadichlorochromium(III) chloride (c) aquabis(ethylenediamine) thiocyanatocobalt(III) nitrate When CrCI3 dissolves in water, three different species can be obtained. (a) [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 violet (b) [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2, pale green (c) [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl, dark green If diethyl ether is added, a fourth complex can be obtained: Cr(H2O)3Cl3 (brown). Describe an experiment that will allow you to differentiate these complexes.57GQ The glycinate ion, H2NCH2CO2, formed by deprotonation of the amino acid glycine, can function as a bidentate ligand, coordinating to a metal through the nitrogen of the amino group and one of the oxygen atoms. Glycinate ion, a bidentate ligand A copper complex of this ligand has the formula Cu(H2NCH2CO2)2(H2O)2. For this complex, determine the following: (a) the oxidation state of copper (b) the coordination number of copper (c) the number of unpaired electrons (d) whether the complex is diamagnetic or paramagnetic 59GQ Nickel and palladium both form complexes of the general formula M(PR3)2Cl2. (The ligand PR3 is a phosphine such as P(C6H5)3, triphenylphosphine. It is a Lewis base.) The nickel(II) compound is paramagnetic whereas the palladium(II) compound is diamagnetic. (a) Explain the magnetic properties of these compounds. (b) How many isomers of each compound are expected?The transition metals form a class of compounds called metal carbonyls, an example of which is the tetrahedral complex Ni(CO)4. Given the following thermodynamic data (at 298 K): (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant for the formation of Ni(CO)4(g) from nickel metal and CO gas. (b) Is the reaction of Ni(s) and CO(g) product- or reactant-favored at equilibrium? (c) Is the reaction more or less product-favored at higher temperatures? How could this reaction be used in the purification of nickel metal?Cerium, as noted in Applying Chemical Principles: 22.3 The Rare Earths, is a relatively abundant lanthanide element that has some important uses. Cerium(IV) oxide. CeO2, is widely used as a polishing agent for glass. Cerium(III) sulfide, Ce2S3, is becoming more widely used as a red pigment to replace cadmium pigments, which are environmentally less desirable. (a) Give the electron configurations (using the noble gas notation) for Ce, Ce3+, and Ce4+. (b) Is either Ce3+ or Ce4+ paramagnetic? If so, how many unpaired electrons does each have? (c) The solid state structure for CeO2 is shown below. Describe the unit cell of the compound. How is this structure related to the formula?64GQ Two different coordination compounds containing one cobalt(III) ion, five ammonia molecules, one bromide ion, and one sulfate ion exist. The dark violet form (A) gives a precipitate upon addition of aqueous BaCl2. No reaction is seen upon addition of aqueous BaCl2 to the violet-red form (B). Suggest structures for these two compounds, and write a chemical equation for the reaction of (A) with aqueous BaCl2.71SCQ 69SCQ 70SCQ (a) Draw the nine isomers having the formula C7H16. (Hint: There is one structure with a seven-carbon chain, two structures with six-carbon chains [one is illustrated in the margin above], five structures with a five-carbon chain, and one structure with a four-carbon chain.) (b) Identify the isomers of C7H16 that are chiral.2CYU There are 17 possible alkene isomers with the formula C6H12. Draw structures of the five isomers in which the longest chain has six carbon atoms, and give the name of each. Are any of these isomers chiral? (There are also eight isomers in which the longest chain has five carbon atoms, and four isomers in which the longest chain has four carbon atoms. How many can you find?)4CYU Aniline, C6H5NH2, is the common name for aminobenzene. Draw a structure for p-diaminobenzene, a compound used in dye manufacture. What is the systematic name for p-diaminobenzene?What is the systematic name for this alkane? (a) nonane (b) 2-ethyl-5-methylhexane (c) 2,5-dimethyl heptane (d) dimethyloctane 2RC 3RC 4RC 5. How many isomers are possible for C6H4(CH3)Cl, a benzene derivative? 1 2 3 Draw the structure of 1-butanol and alcohols that are structural isomers of the compound.1RC 2RC What is the hybridization of nitrogen in dimethylamine? (a) sp3 (b) sp2 (c) sp (d) nitrogen is not hybridized 4RC (a) Name each of the following compounds and its functional group. (1) CH3CH2 CH2OH (2) CH3CH2NH2 (b) Name the product from the reaction of compounds 1 and 2 above. (c) What is the name and structure of the product from the oxidation of 1 with an excess of oxidizing agent? (d) Give the name and structure of the compound that results from combining 2 and 3. (e) What is the result of adding an acid (say HCl) to compound 3?1RC 2RC 3RC 4RC Kevlar is a well-known polymer that is now used to make sports equipment and bullet-proof vests. The basic structure of the polymer is shown below. Is this a condensation polymer or an addition polymer? What chemicals could be used to make this polymer? Write a balanced equation for the formation of Kevlar.1Q 2Q 3Q 1Q 2Q 3Q 1RC What is the atom economy for the reaction of acetone with phenol to make BPA? (Applying Chemical Principles, 4.1: Green Chemistry and Atom Economy, page 207.)5Q If drinking from a polycarbonate bottle, does a 15 lb infant ingest over 50 g of BPA per day? (1.00 lb = 454 g)Assume you weigh 156 lb. How much BPA do you ingest per day?8Q 1PS What is the molecular formula for an alkane with 12 carbon atoms?3PS 4PS One of the structural isomers with the formula C9H20 has the name 3-ethyl-2-methylhexane. Draw its structure. Draw and name another structural isomer of C9H20 in which there is a five-carbon chain.6PS 7PS Give the systematic name for the following alkane. Draw a structural isomer of the compound, and give its name.Draw the structure of each of the following compounds: (a) 2,3-dimethylhexane (b) 2, 3-dimethyloctane (c) 3-ethylheptane (d) 3-ethyl-2-methylhexane Draw structures for the following compounds. (a) 3-ethylpentane (b) 2,3-dimethylpentane (c) 2,4-dimethylpentane (d) 2,2-dimethylpentane 11PS 12PS Draw the structure of the chair form of cydohexane. Identify the axial and equatorial hydrogen atoms in this drawing.14PS 15PS 16PS 17PS 18PS 19PS What structural requirement is necessary for an alkene to have cis and trans isomers? Can cis and trans isomers exist for an alkane? For an alkyne?A hydrocarbon with the formula C5H10, can be either an alkene or a cycloalkane. (a) Draw a structure for each of the six isomers possible for C5H10, assuming it is an alkene. Give the systematic name of each isomer. (b) Draw a structure for a cycloalkane having the formula C5H10.22PS 23PS 24PS The compound 2-bromobutane is a product of addition of HBr to three different alkenes. Identify the alkenes and write an equation for the reaction of HBr with one of the alkenes.The compound 2,3-dibromo-2-methylhexane is formed by addition of Br2 to an alkene. Identify the alkene, and write an equation for this reaction.27PS 28PS 29PS 30PS 31PS Give the systematic name for each of the following compounds: (a) (b) (c)33PS Write an equation for the preparation of hexyl-benzene from benzene and other appropriate reagents.35PS 36PS 37PS 38PS 39PS Name the following amines: (a) CH3CH2CH2NH2 (b) (CH3)3N (c) (CH3)(C2H5)NH (d) C6H13NH2 Draw structural formulas for the four possible alcohols with the formula C4H10O. Give the systematic name of each.42PS 43PS 44PS 45PS 46PS 47PS 48PS 49PS 50PS Give the structural formula and systematic name for the organic product, if any, from each of the following reactions: (a) pentanal and KMnO4 (b) 2-octanone and LiAlH4 52PS 53PS 54PS 55PS 56PS 57PS 58PS 59PS 60PS Identify the functional groups in the following molecules. (a) CH3CH2CH2OH (b) (c) (d)62PS 63PS 64PS 65PS 66PS 67GQ 68GQ 69GQ 70GQ 71GQ 72GQ 73GQ Write equations for the following reactions, representing the reactants and products using structural formulas. (a) The formation of ethyl acetate from acetic acid and ethanol (b) The hydrolysis of glyceryl tristearate (the triester of glycerol with stearic acid, a fatty acid; Table 23.9)75GQ 76GQ Draw the structure of each of the following compounds: (a) 2, 2-dimethylpentane (b) 3, 3-diethylpentane (c) 3-ethyl-2-methylpentane (d) 3-ethylhexane 78GQ 79GQ Draw structural formulas for possible isomers with the formula C3H6ClBr, and name each isomer.81GQ 82GQ 83GQ 84GQ 85GQ 86GQ Draw the structure of glyceryl trilaurate, a fat. Laurie acid (page 941) has the formula C11H23CO2H. (a) Write an equation for the base hydrolysis of glyceryl trilaurate. (b) Write an equation for the reaction that could be used to prepare biodiesel fuel from this fat.88GQ 89GQ 90GQ 91GQ There are three ethers with the formula C4H10O. Draw their structures.Review the opening photograph about chocolate (which shows the structure of an active ingredient, theobromine) and then answer the following questions. (a) How do theobromine and caffeine differ structurally? (b) A 5.00-g sample of Hersheys cocoa contains 2.16% theobromine. What is the mass of the compound in the sample?94GQ 95IL 96IL 97IL 98IL 99IL 100IL 101IL 102IL 103IL 104IL 105IL 106IL 107SCQ 108SCQ 109SCQ 110SCQ 111SCQ 112SCQ 113SCQ Draw the Lewis structure for the tripeptide glycine-phenylalanine-valine.1RC 2RC 3RC 1RC 2RC 3RC What is the sequence of the strand of DNA complementary to CGATACGTAC?2CYU 1. Which breaks down more quickly in an aqueous solution? DNA RNA 2RC 3. Which amino acid is selected by the mRNA codon GAA? alanine glutamic acid histidine tyrosine Kynamro has the hydrogen bonding sequence: GCCUCAGTCTGCTTCGCACC. What is the sequence of nucleotides in the targeted mRNA?The formula of Kynamro is C230H305N67O122P19S19Na19. How many nucleotides are present in one molecule of Kynamro?3Q 1. Which of the following is not an example of a lipid? cholesterol ethanol a fat an oil 2RC 1RC 2RC 1Q 2Q 3Q (a) Draw the Lewis structure for the amino acid valine, showing the amino group and the carboxylic acid group in their un-ionized forms. (b) Draw the Lewis structure for the zwitterionic form of valine. (c) Which of these structures will be the predominant form at physiological pH?(a) Draw the Lewis structure for the amino acid phenylalanine, showing the amino group and the carboxylic group in their un-ionized forms. (b) Draw the Lewis structure for the zwitterionic form of phenylalanine. (c) Which of these structures will be the predominant form at physiological pH?3PS 4PS Draw Lewis structures for the two dipeptides that contain both alanine and glycine.Do the amino acid sequences: valine-asparagine and asparagine-valine represent the same compound? Explain.Draw the Lewis structure for the tripeptide serine-leucine-valine.8PS 9PS 10PS 11PS 12PS (a) Draw the structural formula for the sugar -D-ribose. (b) Draw the structural formula for the nucleoside adenosine (it consists of -D-ribose and adenine). (c) Draw the structural formula for the nucleotide adenosine 5'-monophosphate.(a) Draw the structural formula for the sugar -D-2 -deoxyribose. (b) Draw the structural formula for the nucleoside deoxyadenosine (it consists of -D-2-deoxyribose and adenine). (c) Draw the structural formula for the nucleotide deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate.15PS 16PS Given the following nucleotide sequence in DNA: 5'ACGCGATTC3': (a) Determine the sequence of the complementary strand of DNA. Report this sequence by writing it from its 5' end to its 3' end. (b) Write the sequence (5'-3r) for the strand of mRNA that would be complementary to the original strand of DNA. (c) Assuming that this sequence is part of the coding sequence for a protein and that it is properly lined up so that the first codon of this sequence begins with the 5' nucleotide of the mRNA, write the sequences for the three anti- codons that would be complementary to this strand of mRNA. (d) What sequence of amino acids is selected by this mRNA? (The complete genetic code is listed in several sites on the Internet.)Given the following nucleotide sequence in DNA: 5' TCGTAGGAT 3': (a) Determine the sequence of the complementary strand of DNA. Report this sequence by writing it from its 5' end to its 3' end. (b) Write the sequence (5'-3') for the strand of mRNA that would be complementary to the original strand of DNA. (c) Assuming that this sequence is part of the coding sequence for a protein and that it is properly lined up so that the first codon of this sequence begins with the 5' nucleotide of the mRNA, write the sequences for the three anti- codons that would be complementary to this strand of mRNA. (d) What sequence of amino acids is selected by this mRNA? (The complete genetic code is listed in several sites on the Internet.)19PS If a drop of oleic acid is added to a dish of water, the oleic acid will spread out and form a layer that is one molecule thick on top of the water. (a) Draw the Lewis structure for oleic acid. (b) Label the region of the oleic acid molecule that is polar and the region that is nonpolar. (c) In the layer of oleic acid that forms, which part of the oleic acid molecule points down into the water and which part points out of the water?What structure do all steroids have in common?22PS 23PS The chemical equation for the fermentation of glucose into ethanol is C6H12O6(s) 2 C2HsOH()+ 2 CO2(g) Using fH values at 25 C, calculate rH for this reaction. (See Question 23 for fH for glucose.)25PS 26PS 27GQ 28GQ 29GQ 30GQ 31GQ There are 41 = 4 mononucleotides of DNA, there are 42 = 16 possible dinucleotides, and so on. If a segment of DNA were completely random, how many nucleotides long would it need to be in order to have one possible sequence for each person on Earth (currently about 7.5 billion people)?33GQ The first step of the metabolic process known as glycolysis is the conversion of glucose to glucose- 6-phosphate. This process has a positive value for rG' Glucose + Pi Glucose-6-phosphate + H2O rG' = +13.8 kJ/mol-rxn This reaction is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP ATP + H2O ADP + Pi rG' = -30.5 kJ/mol-rxn What is the sum of these two equations and the value of rG' for the coupled reaction? Is the coupled reaction product-favored at equilibrium?35IL Insulin is a protein important in the metabolism of sugar. Its molar mass can be determined by means of an osmotic pressure experiment. A 50.0-mg sample of insulin was dissolved in enough water to make 100. mL of solution. This solution was determined to have an osmotic pressure of 21.8 mm H2O. What is the molar mass of insulin? (Hint: The density of mercury is 13.6 g/mL.)37SCQ 38SCQ Do the DNA sequences ATGC and CGTA represent the same compound? Explain.41SCQ Which of the following statements is/are true? (a) Breaking the PO bond in ATP is an exothermic process. (b) Making a new bond between the phosphorus atom in the phosphate group being cleaved off ATP and the Oil group of water is an exothermic process (c) Breaking bonds is an endothermic process. (d) The energy released in the hydrolysis of ATP may be used to run endothermic reactions in a cell.1CYU 2CYU 1RC 2RC 3RC 1CYU 2CYU 1RC 1CYU 2CYU 3CYU 1RC 2RC 1CYU 1RC

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