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All Textbook Solutions for Principles of Modern Chemistry
25PQuartz, SiO2(s), does not spontaneously decompose to siliconand oxygen at 25°C, 1.0 atm in the reaction SiO2(s)Si(s)+O2(g) even though the standard entropy change of the reactionis large and positive (S=+182.02JK1). Explain.27P28P29PSolid tin exists in two forms: white and gray. For thetransformation Sn(s,white)Sn(s,gray) the enthalpy change is 2.1kJ and the entropy change is 7.4JK1. Calculate the Gibbs free energy change for the conversionof 1.00 mol white tin to gray tin at -30°C. Calculate the Gibbs free energy change for the conversionof 2.50 mol white tin to gray tin at -30°C. Will white tin convert spontaneously to gray tin at-30°C? At what temperature are white and gray tin in equilibriumat a pressure of 1 atm?31P32P33P34P35P36P37P38P39P40P41AP42AP43AP44AP45AP46AP47AP48AP49AP50AP51AP52AP53AP54AP55AP56AP57AP58AP59AP60AP61AP62AP63AP64CP65CP66CP1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10P11P12P13P14P15P16P17P18P19P20P21P22P23P24P25P26P27P28P29P30P31P32P33P34P35P36P37P38P39P40P41P42P43P44P45P46P47P48P49P50P51P52P53P54P55P56P57P58P59P60P61P62P63P64P65P66P67P68P69P70P71P72P73P74P75APMethanol can be synthesized by means of the equilibriumreaction CO(g)+2H2(g)CH3OH(g) for which the equilibrium constant at 225°C is 6.08103. Assume that the ratio of the pressures of CO(g) and H2(g) is 1:2. What values should they have if the partial pressureof methanol is to be 0.500 atm?77AP78AP79AP80AP81AP82AP83AP84AP85AP86AP87AP88AP89AP90AP91AP92AP93AP94AP95AP96AP97CP98CP99CP100CP101CP102CP103CP104CP105CP106CP107CP108CP109CPAt 1200 K in the presence of solid carbon, an equilibriummixture of CO and CO2 (called “producer gas”) contains98.3 mol percent CO and 1.69 mol percent of CO2 whenthe total pressure is 1 atm. The reaction is CO2(g)+C(graphite)2CO(g) Calculate PCO and PCO2. Calculate the equilibrium constant. Calculate G for this reaction.111CP112CP1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P10P11P12P13P14P15P16P17P18P19P20P21P22P23P24P25P26P27PVitamin C is ascorbic acid (HC6H7O6), for which Ka is 8.0105. Calculate the pH of a solution made by dissolvinga 500-mg tablet of pure vitamin C in water anddiluting to 100 mL.29P30P31P32P33P34P35P36P37P38P39P40PSuppose a 0.100 M solution of each of the following substancesis prepared. Rank the pH of the resulting solutionsfrom lowest to highest: NH4Br, NaOH, KI, NaCH3COO, HCl.42P43P44P45PSulfanilic acid (NH2C6H4SO3H) is used in manufacturing dyes. It ionizes in water according to the equilibrium equation NH2C6H4SO3H(aq)+H2O(l)NH2C6H4SO3(aq)+H3O+(aq)Ka=5.9104 A buffer is prepared by dissolving 0.20 mol of sulfanilicacid and 0.13 mol of sodium sulfanilate (NaNH2C6H4SO3) in water and diluting to 1.00 L. Compute the pH of the solution. Suppose 0.040 mol of HCl is added to the buffer.Calculate the pH of the solution that results.47P48P49P50P51P52P53P54P55P56P57P58P59P60P61P62P63PPhthalic acid ( H2C8H4O4, abbreviated H2Ph ) is a diproticacid. Its ionization in water at 25°C takes place in twosteps: H2Ph(aq)+H2O(l)H3O+(aq)+HPh(aq)Ka1=1.26103H2Ph-(aq)+H2O(l)H3O+(aq)+Ph2(aq)Ka2=3.10106 If 0.0100 mol of phthalic acid is dissolved per liter ofwater, calculate the equilibriumconcentrations of H2Ph,HPh,Ph2, and H3O+.65P66P67P68P69P70P71P72P73P74P75AP76AP77AP78AP79AP80AP81AP82AP83AP84AP85AP86AP87AP88AP89AP90AP91AP92AP93AP94AP95AP96AP97AP98AP99AP100AP101AP102AP103AP104AP105AP106AP107AP108AP109CP110CP111CP112CP113CP1P2P3PFigure 16.3 shows the solubility of AgNO3 in water inunits of moles of AgNO3 per kilogram of H2O. If 255 g of AgNO3 is added to 100 g of water at 95°C and cooledslowly, at what temperature will the solution becomesaturated?5P6P7P8P9P10P11P12P13P14P15P16P17P18P19P20P21P22P23P24P25P26P27P28P29P30P31P32P33P