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All Textbook Solutions for General Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Course List)
Express the following numbers in scientific notation: a. 4.38 b. 4380 c. 0.0004832E3E4E5E6E7E8E9EYou place 1.85 grams of wood in a vessel with 9.45 grams of air and seal the vessel. Then you heat the vessel strongly so that the wood burns. In burning, the wood yields ash and gases. After the experiment, you weigh the ash and find that its mass is 0.28 gram. What is the mass of the gases in the vessel at the end of the experiment?Potassium is a soft, silvery-colored metal that melts at 64C. It reacts vigorously with water, with oxygen, and with chlorine. Identify all of the physical properties given in this description. Identify all of the chemical properties given.Matter can be represented as being composed of individual units. For example, the smallest individual unit of matter can be represented as a single circle, , and chemical combinations of these units of matter as connected circles, , with each element represented by a different color. Using this model, place the appropriate labelelement, compound, or mixturebelow each representation.Give answers to the following arithmetic setups. Round to the correct number of significant figures. a 5.617.8919.1 b 8.91 6.435 c 6.81 6.730 d 38.91 (6.81 6.730)a. When you report your weight to someone, how many significant figures do you typically use? b. What is your weight with two significant figures? c. Indicate your weight and the number of significant figures you would obtain if you weighed yourself on a truck scale that can measure in 50 kg or 100 lb increments.Express the following quantities using an SI prefix and a base unit. For instance, 1.6 106 m = 1.6 m. A quantity such as 0.000168 g could be written 0.168 mg or 168 g. a 1.84 109 m b 5.67 1012 s c 7.85 103 g d 9.7 103 m e 0.000732 s f 0.000000000154 ma. A person with a fever has a temperature of 102.5F. What is this temperature in degrees Celsius? b. A cooling mixture of dry ice and isopropyl alcohol has a temperature of 78C. What is this temperature in kelvins?1.3CCA piece of metal wire has a volume of 20.2 cm3 and a mass of 159 g. What is the density of the metal? We know that the metal is manganese, iron, or nickel, and these have densities of 7.21 g/cm3 7.87 g/cm3, and 8.90 g/cm3, respectively. From which metal is the wire made?Ethanol (grain alcohol) has a density of 0.789 g/cm3. What volume of ethanol must be poured into a graduated cylinder to equal 30.3 g?You are working in the office of a precious metals buyer. A miner brings you a nugget of metal that he claims is gold. You suspect that the metal is a form of fools gold, called marcasite, that is composed of iron and sulfur. In the back of your office, you have a chunk of pure gold. What simple experiments could you perform to determine whether the miners nugget is gold?The oxygen molecule (the smallest particle of oxygen gas) consists of two oxygen atoms a distance of 121 pm apart. How many millimeters is this distance?A large crystal is constructed by stacking small, identical pieces of crystal, much as you construct a brick wall by slacking bricks. A unit cell is the smallest such piece from which a crystal can be made. The unit cell of a crystal of gold metal has a volume of 67.6 3 What is this volume in cubic decimeters?Using the definitions 1 in. = 2.54 cm and 1 yd = 36 in. (both exact), obtain the conversion factor for yards to meters. How many meters are there in 3.54 yd?Discuss some ways in which chemistry has changed technology. Give one or more examples of how chemistry has affected another science.Define the terms experiment and theory. How are theory and experiment related? What is a hypothesis?Illustrate the steps in the scientific method using Rosenbergs discovery of the anticancer activity of cisplatin.Define the terms matter and mass. What is the difference between mass and weight?1.5QP1.6QPCharacterize gases, liquids, and solids in terms of compressibility and fluidity.1.8QPGive examples of an element, a compound, a heterogeneous mixture, and a homogeneous mixture.What phases or states of matter are present in a glass of bubbling carbonated beverage that contains ice cubes?What distinguishes an element from a compound? Can a compound also be an element?1.12QP1.13QP1.14QPHow does the International System (SI) obtain units of different size from a given unit? How does the International System obtain units for all possible physical quantities from only seven base units?1.16QP1.17QPWhy should units be carried along with numbers in a calculation?When the quantity 12.9 g is added to 2 1002 g, how many significant figures should be reported in the answer? a one b two c three d four e five1.20QPA 75.0-g sample of a pure liquid, liquid A, with a density of 3.00 g/mL is mixed with a 50.0-mL sample of a pure liquid, liquid B. with a density of 2.00 g/mL. What is the total volume of the mixture? (Assume there is no reaction upon the mixing of A and B and volumes are additive.) a 275 mL b 175 mL c 125 mL d 100 mL e 75 mLWhich of the following represents the smallest mass? a 23 cg b 2.3 103 g c 0.23 mg d 0.23 g e 2.3 102 kgPhysical and Chemical Changes Say you are presented with two beakers, beaker A and beaker B, each containing a white, powdery compound. a From your initial observations, you suspect that the two beakers contain the same compound. Describe, in general terms, some experiments in a laboratory that you could do to help prove or disprove that the beakers contain the same compound. b Would it be easier to prove that the compounds are the same or to prove that they are different? Explain your reasoning. c Which of the experiments that you listed above are the most convincing in determining whether the compounds are the same? Justify your answer. d A friend states that the best experiment for determining whether the compounds are the same is to see if they both dissolve in water. He proceeds to take 10.0 g of each compound and places them in separate beakers, each containing 100 mL of water. Both compounds completely dissolve. He then states, Since the same amount of both substances dissolved in the same volume of water, they must both have the same chemical composition. Is he justified in making this claim? Why or why not?a Sodium metal is partially melted. What are the two phases present? b A sample of sand is composed of granules of quartz (silicon dioxide) and seashells (calcium carbonate). The sand is mixed with water. What phases are present?A material is believed to be a compound. Suppose you have several samples of this material obtained from various places around the world. Comment on what you would expect to find upon observing the melting point and color for each sample. What would you expect to find upon determining the elemental composition for each sample?You need a thermometer that is accurate to 5C to conduct some experiments in the temperature range of 0C to 100C. You find one in your lab drawer that has lost its markings. a What experiments could you do to make sure your thermometer is suitable for your experiments? b Assuming that the thermometer works, what procedure could you follow to put a scale on your thermometer that has the desired accuracy?Imagine that you get the chance to shoot five arrows at each of the targets depicted below. On each of the targets, indicate the pattern that the five arrows make when a You have poor accuracy and good precision. b You have poor accuracy and poor precision. c You have good accuracy and good precision.Say you live in a climate where the temperature ranges from 100F to 20F and you want to define a new temperature scale, YS (YS is the Your Scale temperature scale), which defines this range as 0.0YS to 100.0YS. a Come up with an equation that would allow you to convert between F and YS. b Using your equation, what would be the temperature in F if it were 6.6YS?You are presented with a piece of metal in a jar. It is your job to determine what the metal is. What are some physical properties that you could measure in order to determine the type of metal? You suspect that the metal might be sodium; what are some chemical properties that you could investigate? (See Section 1.4 for some ideas.)You have two identical boxes with interior dimensions of 8.0 cm 8.0 cm 8.0 cm. You completely fill one of the boxes with wooden spheres that are 1.6 cm in diameter. The other box gets filled with wooden cubes that are 1.6 cm on each edge. After putting the lid on the filled boxes, you then measure the density of each. Which one is more dense?Consider the following compounds and their densities. You create a column of the liquids in a glass cylinder with the most dense material on the bottom layer and the least dense on the top. You do not allow the liquids to mix. a First you drop a plastic bead that has a density of 0.24 g/cm3 into the column. What do you expect to observe? b Next you drop a different plastic bead that has a volume of 0.043 mL and a mass of 3.92 102 g into the column. What would you expect to observe in this case? c You drop another bead into the column and observe that it makes it all the way to the bottom of the column. What can you conclude about the density of this bead?Which of the following items have a mass of about 1 g? a grain of sand a paper clip a nickel a 5.0-gallon bucket of water a brick a carWhat is the length of the nail reported to the correct number of significant figures?For these questions, be sure to apply the rules for significant figures. a You are conducting an experiment where you need the volume of a box; you take the length, height, and width measurements and then multiply the values together to find the volume. You report the volume of the box as 0.310 m1. If two of your measurements were 0.7120 m and 0.52145 m, what was the other measurement? b If you were to add the two measurements from the first part of the problem to a third length measurement with the reported result of 1.509 m, what was the value of the third measurement?You are teaching a class of second graders some chemistry, and they are confused about an objects mass versus its density. Keeping in mind that most second graders dont understand fractions, how would you explain these two ideas and illustrate how they differ? What examples would you use as a part of your explanation?A 15.5 g sample of sodium carbonate is added to a solution of acetic acid weighing 19.7 g. The two substances react, releasing carbon dioxide gas to the atmosphere. After reaction, the contents of the reaction vessel weigh 28.7 g. What is the mass of carbon dioxide given off during the reaction?Some iron wire weighing 5.6 g is placed in a beaker and covered with 15.0 g of dilute hydrochloric acid. The acid reacts with the metal and gives off hydrogen gas, which escapes into the surrounding air. After reaction, the contents of the beaker weigh 20.4 g. What is the mass of hydrogen gas produced by the reaction?Zinc metal reacts with yellow crystals of sulfur in a fiery reaction to produce a white powder of zinc sulfide. A chemist determines that 65.4 g of zinc reacts with 32.1 g of sulfur. How many grams of zinc sulfide could be produced from 36.9 g of zinc metal?Aluminum metal reacts with bromine, a red-brown liquid with a noxious odor. The reaction is vigorous and produces aluminum bromide, a white crystalline substance. A sample of 27.0 g of aluminum yields 266.7 g of aluminum bromide. How many grams of bromine react with 18.1 g of aluminum?Give the normal state (solid, liquid, or gas) of each of the following. a sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking soda) b isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol) c carbon monoxide d leadGive the normal state (solid, liquid, or gas) of each of the following. a potassium hydrogen tartrate (cream of tartar) b tungsten c carbon (graphite) d mercuryWhich of the following are physical changes and which are chemical changes? a melting of sodium chloride b pulverizing of rock salt c burning of sulfur d dissolving of salt in waterFor each of the following, decide whether a physical or a chemical change is involved. a dissolving of sugar in water b rusting of iron c burning of wood d evaporation of alcoholA sample of mercury(II) oxide was heated to produce mercury metal and oxygen gas. Then the liquid mercury was cooled to 40C, where it solidified. A glowing wood splint was thrust into the oxygen, and the splint burst into flame. Identify each physical change and each chemical change.Solid iodine, contaminated with salt, was heated until the iodine vaporized. The violet vapor of iodine was then cooled to yield the pure solid. Solid iodine and zinc metal powder were mixed and ignited to give a white powder. Identify each physical change and each chemical change.The following are properties of substances. Decide whether each is a physical property or a chemical property. a Chlorine gas liquefies at 35C under normal pressure. b Hydrogen burns in chlorine gas. c Bromine melts at 7.2C. d Lithium is a soft, silvery-colored metal. e Iron rusts in an atmosphere of moist air.Decide whether each of the following is a physical property or a chemical property of the substance. a Salt substitute, potassium chloride, dissolves in water. b Seashells, calcium carbonate, fizz when immersed in vinegar. c The gas hydrogen sulfide smells like rotten eggs. d Fine steel wool (Fe) can be burned in air. e Pure water freezes at 0C.Iodine is a solid having somewhat lustrous, blue-black crystals. The crystals vaporize readily to a violet-colored gas. Iodine combines with many metals. For example, aluminum combines with iodine to give aluminum iodide. Identify the physical and the chemical properties of iodine that are cited.Mercury(II) oxide is an orange-red solid with a density of 11.1 g/cm3. It decomposes when heated to give mercury and oxygen. The compound is insoluble in water (does not dissolve in water). Identify the physical and the chemical properties of mercury(II) oxide that are cited.Consider the following separations of materials. State whether a physical process or a chemical reaction is involved in each separation. a Sodium chloride is obtained from seawater by evaporation of the water. b Mercury is obtained by heating the substance mercury(II) oxide; oxygen is also obtained. c Pure water is obtained from ocean water by evaporating the water, then condensing it. d Iron is produced from an iron ore that contains the substance iron(III) oxide. e Gold is obtained from river sand by panning (allowing the heavy metal to settle in flowing water).All of the following processes involve a separation of either a mixture into substances or a compound into elements. For each, decide whether a physical process or a chemical reaction is required. a Sodium metal is obtained from the substance sodium chloride. b Iron filings are separated from sand by using a magnet. c Sugar crystals are separated from a sugar syrup by evaporation of water. d Fine crystals of silver chloride are separated from a suspension of the crystals in water. e Copper is produced when zinc metal is placed in a solution of copper(II) sulfate, a compound.Label each of the following as a substance, a heterogeneous mixture, or a solution. a seawater b sulfur c fluorine d beach sandIndicate whether each of the following materials is a substance, a heterogeneous mixture, or a solution. a milk b bromine c gasoline d aluminumWhich of the following are pure substances and which are mixtures? For each, list all of the different phases present. a bromine liquid and its vapor b paint, containing a liquid solution and a dispersed solid pigment c partially molten iron d baking powder containing sodium hydrogen carbonate and potassium hydrogen tartrateWhich of the following are pure substances and which are mixtures? For each, list all of the different phases present. a a sugar solution with sugar crystals at the bottom b ink containing a liquid solution with fine particles of carbon c a sand containing quartz (silicon dioxide) and calcite (calcium carbonate) d liquid water and steam at 100CHow many significant figures are there in each of the following measurements? a 57.00 g b 0.0503 kg c 6.310 J d 0.80090 m e 5.06 107 cm f 2.010 sHow many significant figures are there in each of the following measurements? a 4.0100 mg b 0.05930 g c 0.035 mm d 3.100 s e 8.91 101 L f 9.100 104 cmThe circumference of the earth at the equator is 40,000 km. This value is precise to two significant figures. Write this in scientific notation to express correctly the number of significant figures.The astronomical unit equals the mean distance between the earth and the sun. This distance is 150,000,000 km, which is precise to three significant figures. Express this in scientific notation to the correct number of significant figures.Assuming all numbers are measured quantities, do the indicated arithmetic and give the answer to the correct number of significant figures. a 8.710.03010.031 b 0.71 + 89.3 c 934 0.00435 + 107 d (847.89 847.73) 14673Assuming all numbers are measured quantities, do the indicated arithmetic and give the answer to the correct number of significant figures. a 08.710.575.871 b 8.937 8.930 c 8.937 + 8.930 d 0.00015 54.6 + 1.0021.63QP1.64QPWrite the following measurements, without scientific notation, using the appropriate SI prefix. a 5.89 1012 s b 0.2010 m c 2.560 109 g d 6.05 105 mWrite the following measurements, without scientific notation, using the appropriate SI prefix. a 4.851 106 g b 3.16 102 m c 2.591 109 s d 8.93 1012 gUsing scientific notation, convert: a 6.15 ps to s b 3.781 m to m c 1.546 to m d 9.7 mg to gUsing scientific notation, convert: a 6.20 km to m b 1.98 ns to s c 2.54 cm to m d 5.23 g to gConvert: a 68F to degrees Celsius b 23F to degrees Celsius c 26C to degrees Fahrenheit d 81C to degrees FahrenheitConvert: a 51F to degrees Celsius b 11F to degrees Celsius c 41C to degrees Fahrenheit d 22C to degrees FahrenheitSalt and ice are stirred together to give a mixture to freeze ice cream. The temperature of the mixture is 20.0C What is this temperature in degrees Fahrenheit?1.72QPA certain sample of the mineral galena (lead sulfide) weighs 12.4 g and has a volume of 1.64 cm3. What is the density of galena?A flask contains a 30.0 mL sample of acetone (nail polish remover) that weighs 23.6 grams. What is the density of the acetone?A liquid with a volume of 8.5 mL has a mass of 6.71 g. The liquid is either octane, ethanol, or benzene, the densities of which are 0.702 g/cm3, 0.789 g/cm3, and 0.879 g/cm3, respectively. What is the identity of the liquid?1.76QPPlatinum has a density of 21.4 g/cm3. What is the mass of 5.9 cm3 of this metal?What is the mass of a 43.8-mL sample of gasoline, which has a density of 0.70 g/cm3?Ethanol has a density of 0.789 g/cm3. What volume must be poured into a graduated cylinder to give 19.8 g of alcohol.Bromine is a red-brown liquid with a density of 3.10 g/mL. A sample of bromine weighing 88.5 g occupies what volume?Sodium hydrogen carbonate, known commercially as baking soda, reacts with acidic materials such as vinegar to release carbon dioxide gas. An experiment calls for 0.450 kg of sodium hydrogen carbonate. Express this mass in milligrams.The acidic constituent in vinegar is acetic acid. A 10.0-mL sample of a certain vinegar contains 611 mg of acetic acid. What is this mass of acetic acid expressed in micrograms?The different colors of light have different wavelengths. The human eye is most sensitive to light whose wavelength is 555 nm (greenish-yellow). What is this wavelength in centimeters?Water consists of molecules (groups of atoms). A water molecule has two hydrogen atoms, each connected to an oxygen atom. The distance between any one hydrogen atom and the oxygen atom is 0.96 . What is this distance in millimeters?The total amount of fresh water on earth is estimated to be 3.73 108 km3. What is this volume in cubic meters? in liters?A submicroscopic particle suspended in a solution has a volume of 1.3 m3. What is this volume in liters?How many grams are there in 3.58 short tons? Note that 1 g = 0.03527 oz (ounces avoirdupois), 1 lb (pound) = 16 oz, and 1 short ton = 2000 lb. (These relations are exact.)1.88QPThe first measurement of sea depth was made in 1840 in the central South Atlantic, where a plummet was lowered 2425 fathoms. What is this depth in meters? Note that 1 fathom = 6ft, 1 ft = 12 in., and 1 in. = 2.54 102 m. (These relations are exact.)The estimated amount of recoverable oil from the field at Prudhoc Bay in Alaska is 1.3 1010 barrels. What is this amount of oil in cubic meters? One barrel = 42 gal (exact), 1 gal = 4 qt (exact), and 1 qt = 9.46 104 m3.A fish tank is 24.2 in. long, 15.9 in. deep, and 14.8 in. high. What is the maximum volume of water, in liters, that the fish tank can hold?The population density of worms in a particular field is 33 worms per cubic meter of soil. How many worms would there be in the top meter of soil in a field that has dimensions of 1.00 km by 2.0 km?1.93QPAn antacid tablet weighing 0.853 g contained calcium carbonate as the active ingredient, in addition to an inert binder. When an acid solution weighing 56.519 g was added to the tablet, carbon dioxide gas was released, producing a fizz. The resulting solution weighed 57.152 g. How many grams of carbon dioxide were produced?When a mixture of aluminum powder and iron(III) oxide is ignited, it produces molten iron and aluminum oxide. In an experiment, 5.40 g of aluminum was mixed with 18.50 g of iron(III) oxide. At the end of the reaction, the mixture contained 11.17 g of iron, 10.20 g of aluminum oxide, and an undetermined amount of unreacted iron(III) oxide. No aluminum was left. What is the mass of the iron(III) oxide?When chlorine gas is bubbled into a solution of sodium bromide, the sodium bromide reacts to give bromine, a red-brown liquid, and sodium chloride (ordinary table salt). A solution was made by dissolving 20.6 g of sodium bromide in 100.0 g of water. After passing chlorine through the solution, investigators analyzed the mixture. It contained 16.0 g of bromine and 11.7 g of sodium chloride. How many grams of chlorine reacted?A beaker weighed 50.90 g. To the beaker was added 5.680 g of iron pellets and 53.3 g of hydrochloric acid. What was the total mass of the beaker and the mixture (before reaction)? Express the answer to the correct number of significant figures.1.98QPDescribe each of the following as a physical or chemical property of each listed chemical substance. a baking soda reacts with vinegar b ice melts at 0C c graphite is a soft, black solid d hydrogen burns in airDescribe each of the following as a physical or chemical property of each listed chemical substance. a chlorine is a green gas b zinc reacts with acids c magnesium has a density of 1.74 g/cm3 d iron can rustAnalyses of several samples of a material containing only iron and oxygen gave the following results. Could this material be a compound?A red-orange solid contains only mercury and oxygen. Analyses of three different samples gave the following results. Are the data consistent with the hypothesis that the material is a compound?A cubic box measures 39.3 cm on an edge. What is the volume of the box in cubic centimeters? Express the answer to the correct number of significant figures.A cylinder with circular cross section has a radius of 2.56 cm and a height of 56.32 cm. What is the volume of the cylinder? Express the answer to the correct number of significant figures.An aquarium has a rectangular cross section that is 47.8 in. by 12.5 in.; it is 19.5 in. high. How many U.S gallons does the aquarium contain? One U.S. gallon equals exactly 231 in3.A spherical tank has a radius of 175.0 in. Calculate the volume of the tank in cubic inches; then convert this to Imperial gallons. The volume of a sphere is (4/3) r3, where r is the radius. One Imperial gallon equals 277.4 in3.Obtain the difference in volume between two spheres, one of radius 5.61 cm, the other of radius 5.85 cm. The volume V of a sphere is (4/3) r3, where r is the radius. Give the result to the correct number of significant figures.What is the difference in surface area between two circles, one of radius 7.98 cm, the other of radius 8.50 cm? The surface area of a circle of radius r is r2. Obtain the result to the correct number of significant figures.Perform the following arithmetic setups and express the answers to the correct number of significant figures. a 56.151.16.58 b 56.1+51.16.58 c (9.1 + 8.6) 26.91 d 0.0065 3.21 + 0.09111.110QPFor each of the following, write the measurement in terms of an appropriate prefix and base unit. a The mass of calcium per milliliter in a sample of blood serum is 0.0912 g. b The radius of an oxygen atom is about 0.000000000066 m. c A particular red blood cell measures 0.0000071 m. d The wavelength of a certain ultraviolet radiation is 0.000000056 m.For each of the following, write the measurement in terms of an appropriate prefix and base unit. a The mass of magnesium per milliliter in a sample of blood serum is 0.0186 g. b The radius of a carbon atom is about 0.000000000077 m. c The hemoglobin molecule, a component of red blood cells, is 0.0000000065 m in diameter. d The wavelength of a certain infrared radiation is 0.00000085 m.Write each of the following in terms of the SI base unit (that is, express the prefix as the power of 10). a 1.07 ps b 5.8 m c 319 nm d 15.3 msWrite each of the following in terms of the SI base unit (that is, express the prefix as the power of 10). a 6.6 mK b 275 pm c 22.1 ms d 45 mTungsten metal, which is used in lightbulb filaments, has the highest melting point of any metal (3410C). What is this melting point in degrees Fahrenheit?Titanium metal is used in aerospace alloys to add strength and corrosion resistance. Titanium melts at 1677C. What is this temperature in degrees Fahrenheit?Calcium carbonate, a white powder used in toothpastes, antacids, and other preparations, decomposes when heated to about 825C. What is this temperature in degrees Fahrenheit?1.118QPGallium metal can be melted by the heat of ones hand. Its melting point is 29.8C. What is this temperature in kelvins? in degrees Fahrenheit?Mercury metal is liquid at normal temperatures but freezes at 38.9C. What is this temperature in kelvins? in degrees Fahrenheit?Zinc metal can be purified by distillation (transforming the liquid metal to vapor, then condensing the vapor back to liquid). The metal boils at normal atmospheric pressure at 1666F. What is this temperature in degrees Celsius? in kelvins?Iodine is a bluish-black solid. It forms a violet-colored vapor when heated. The solid melts at 236F. What is this temperature in degrees Celsius? in kelvins?An aluminum alloy used in the construction of aircraft wings has a density of 2.70 g/cm3. Express this density in SI units (kg/m3).Vanadium metal is added to steel to impart strength. The density of vanadium is 5.96 g/cm3. Express this in SI units (kg/m3).The density of quartz mineral was determined by adding a weighed piece to a graduated cylinder containing 52.2 mL water. After the quartz was submerged, the water level was 67.1 mL. The quartz piece weighed 39.8 g. What was the density of the quartz?1.126QPSome bottles of colorless liquids were being labeled when the technicians accidentally mixed them up and lost track of their contents. A 15.0-mL sample withdrawn from one bottle weighed 22.3 g. The technicians knew that the liquid was either acetone, benzene, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride (which have densities of 0.792 g/cm3, 0.899 g/cm3, 1.489 g/cm3, and 1.595 g/cm3, respectively). What was the identity of the liquid?Providing no reaction occurs, a solid will float on any liquid that is more dense than it is. The volume of a piece of calcite weighing 35.6 g is 12.9 cm3. On which of the following liquids will the calcite float: carbon tetrachloride (density = 1.60 g/cm3), methylene bromide (density = 2.50 g/cm3), tetrabromoethane (density = 2.96 g/cm3), or methylene iodide (density = 3.33 g/cm3)?Platinum metal is used in jewelry; it is also used in automobile catalytic converters. What is the mass of a cube of platinum 4.40 cm on an edge? The density of platinum is 21.4 g/cm3.Ultrapure silicon is used to make solid-state devices, such as computer chips. What is the mass of a circular cylinder of silicon that is 12.40 cm long and has a radius of 4.00 cm? The density of silicon is 2.33 g/cm3.Vinegar contains acetic acid (about 5% by mass). Pure acetic acid has a strong vinegar smell but is corrosive to the skin. What volume of pure acetic acid has a mass of 35.00 g? The density of acetic acid is 1.053 g/mL.Ethyl acetate has a characteristic fruity odor and is used as a solvent in paint lacquers and perfumes. An experiment requires 0.070 kg of ethyl acetate. What volume is this (in liters)? The density of ethyl acetate is 0.902 g/mL.1.133QP1.134QPConvert; a 5.91 kg of chrome yellow to milligrams b 753 mg of vitamin A to micrograms c 90.1 MHz (megahertz), the wavelength of an FM signal, to kilohertz d 498 mJ (the joule, J, is a unit of energy) to kilojoulesConvert: a 7.19 g of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) to milligrams b 104 pm, the radius of a sulfur atom, to angstroms c 0.010 mm, the diameter of a typical blood capillary, to centimeters d 0.0605 kPa (the pascal, Pa, is a unit of pressure) to centipascalsThe largest of the Great Lakes is Lake Superior, which has a volume of 12,230 km3. What is this volume in liters?The average flow of the Niagara River is 3.50 km3 per week. What is this volume in liters?A room measures 10.0 ft 11.0 ft and is 9.0 ft high. What is its volume in liters?1.140QPThe masses of diamonds and gems are measured in carats. A carat is defined as 200 mg. If a jeweler has 384 carats of diamonds, how many grams does she have?One year of world production of gold was 49.6 106 troy ounces. One troy ounce equals 31.10 g. What was the world production of gold in metric tons (106 g) for that year?1.143QPAll good experiments start with a scientific question. What was the scientific question that Art Fry was trying to answer when he embarked on finding the adhesive for the Post-it Note?1.145QP1.146QP1.147QPA 33.0-g sample of an unknown liquid at 20.0C is heated to 120C. During this heating, the density of the liquid changes from 0.854 g/cm3 to 0.797 g/cm3. What volume would this sample occupy at 120C?A 124-g sample of a pure liquid, liquid A, with a density of 3.00 g/mL is mixed with a 40.8-mL sample of a pure liquid, liquid B, with a density of 2.00 g/mL. What is the total volume of the mixture? (Assume there is no reaction upon the mixing of A and B, and volumes are additive.)On a long trip you travel 832 miles in 21 hours. During this trip, you use 31 gallons of gasoline. a Calculate your average speed in miles per hour. b Calculate your average speed in kilometers per hour. c Calculate your gas mileage in kilometers per liter.The density of lead at 20C is 11.3 g/cm3. Rank the volumes of the following quantities of lead from least to greatest: 50.0 mL, 0.100 qt, 50.0 g, and 0.0250 lb.1.152QP1.153QPThe density of liquid water at 80C is 972 kg/m3 and at 20C is 998 kg/m3. If you have 200.0 mL of water at 20C, what volume (mL) will the water occupy at 80C? Which will contain more water molecules, 1.0 L of water at 80C or 1.0 L of water at 20C?1.155QPAt 20C liquid gasoline gas has a density of 0.75 g/cm3. If a 5.5-mL sample of gasoline is placed into a sealed 3.00-L container at 50C and allowed to completely evaporate, what will be the density of the gasoline vapor in the container?The figures below represent a gas trapped in containers. The orange balls represent individual gas atoms. Container A on the left has a volume that is one-half the volume of container B on the right. a How does the mass of gas in one container compare with the mass of gas in the other? b Which container has the greater density of gas? c If the volume of container A were increased to the same volume as container B, how would the density of the gas in container A change?An ice cube measures 3.50 cm on each edge and weighs 39.45 g. a Calculate the density of ice. b Calculate the mass of 400.4 mL of water in an ice cube.The total length of all the DNA molecules contained in a human body is 1 1010 miles. The population of the United States is about 300 million. What is the total length of all the DNA of the U.S. population in lightyears? (A light year is the distance that light travels in a year and is 9.46 1015 m.)Prospectors are considering searching for gold on a plot of land that contains 1.31 g of gold per bucket of soil. If the volume of the bucket is 4.67 L, how many grams of gold are there likely to be in 2.38 103 cubic feet of soil?A solution is prepared by dissolving table salt, sodium chloride, in water at room temperature. a Assuming there is no significant change in the volume of water during the preparation of the solution, how would the density of the solution compare to that of pure water? b If you were to boil the solution for several minutes and then allow it to cool to room temperature, how would the density of the solution compare to the density in part a? c If you took the solution prepared in part a and added more water, how would this affect the density of the solution?Water and saline (salt) solution have in common that they are both homogeneous. How do these materials differ? Be specific and use chemical terms to describe the two systems.When 11.1 g of marble chips (calcium carbonate) is treated with 54.3 mL of hydrochloric acid (density 1.096 g/mL), the marble dissolves, giving a solution and releasing carbon dioxide gas. The solution weighs 65.7 g. How many liters of carbon dioxide gas are released? The density of the gas is 1.798 g/L.Zinc ore (zinc sulfide) is treated with sulfuric acid, leaving a solution with some undissolved bits of material and releasing hydrogen sulfide gas. If 10.8 g of zinc ore is treated with 50.0 mL of sulfuric arid (density 1.153 g/mL), 65.1 g of solution and undissolved material remains. In addition, hydrogen sulfide (density 1.393 g/L) is evolved. What is the volume (in liters) of this gas?A steel sphere has a radius of 1.58 in. If this steel has a density of 7.88 g/cm3, what is the mass of the sphere in grams?A weather balloon filled with helium has a diameter of 3.50 ft. What is the mass in grams of the helium in the balloon at 21C and normal pressure? The density of helium under these conditions is 0.166 g/L.1.167QP1.168QPA sample of an ethanolwater solution has a volume of 54.2 cm3 and a mass of 49.6 g. What is the percentage of ethanol (by mass) in the solution? (Assume that there is no change in volume when the pure compounds are mixed.) The density of ethanol is 0.789 g/cm3 and that of water is 0.998 g/cm3. Alcoholic beverages are rated in proof, which is a measure of the relative amount of ethanol in the beverage. Pure ethanol is exactly 200 proof; a solution that is 50% ethanol by volume is exactly 100 proof. What is the proof of the given ethanolwater solution?You have a piece of gold jewelry weighing 9.35 g. Its volume is 0.654 cm3. Assume that the metal is an alloy (mixture) of gold and silver, which have densities of 19.3 g/cm3 and 10.5 g/cm3 respectively. Also assume that there is no change in volume when the pure metals are mixed. Calculate the percentage of gold (by mass) in the alloy. The relative amount of gold in an alloy is measured in karats. Pure gold is 24 karats; an alloy of 50% gold is 12 karats. State the proportion of gold in the jewelry in karats.A sample of vermilion-colored mineral was weighed in air, then weighed again while suspended in water. An object is buoyed up by the mass of the fluid displaced by the object. In air, the mineral weighed 18.49 g; in water, it weighed 16.21 g. The densities of air and water are 1.205 g/L and 0.9982 g/cm3, respectively. What is the density of the mineral?A sample of a bright blue mineral was weighed in air, then weighed again while suspended in water. An object is buoyed up by the mass of the fluid displaced by the object. In air, the mineral weighed 7.35 g; in water, it weighed 5.40 g. The densities of air and water are 1.205 g/L and 0.9982 g/cm3, respectively. What is the density of the mineral?1.173QPAn experimenter places a piece of a solid metal weighing 255 g into a graduated cylinder, which she then fills with liquid mercury. After weighing the cylinder and its contents, she removes the solid metal and fills the cylinder with mercury. She now finds that the cylinder and its contents weigh 101 g less than before. The density of mercury is 13.6 g/cm3. What is the density of the solid metal?1.175QPThe expected outcome for the amount of sugar in a beverage is 32.00 g sugar. Describe the following data sets as accurate and/or precise by selecting Yes or No in each case. Data Precise? Accurate? 32.00, 32.01, 31.99 29.50, 32.00, 34.50 29.00, 29.01, 29.02 25.00, 27.00, 29.00Like Dalton, chemists continue to model atoms using spheres. Modern models are usually drawn with a computer and use different colors to represent atoms of different elements. Which of the models below represents CO2?2.2CCA nucleus consists of 17 protons and 18 neutrons. What is its nuclide symbol?Chlorine consists of the following isotopes: Isotope Isotopic Mass (amu) Fractional Abundance Chlorine-35 34.96885 0.75771 Chlorine-37 36.96590 0.24229 What is the atomic weight of chlorine?By referring to the periodic table (Figure 2.15 or inside front cover), identify the group and period to which each of the following elements belongs. Then decide whether the element is a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid. a Se b Cs c Fe d Cu e BrConsider the elements He, Ne, and Ar. Can you come up with a reason why they are in the same group in the periodic table?2.4EClassify each of the following as either an ionic or molecular compound. CH4Br2CaCl2KNO3CH4OLiF Which is the best statement regarding molecular compounds? a Molecular compounds always contain at least two elements. For example, H2O is a molecular compound because it contains two elements: hydrogen and oxygen. b Molecular compounds usually contain carbon. c Molecular compounds consist of cations and anions. d A molecular compound is a combination of nonmetal atoms. e Molecular compounds are gases at room temperature.2.5CC2.5E2.6E2.6CC2.7E2.8E2.9E2.10EWashing soda has the formula Na2CO310H2O. What is the chemical name of this substance?2.12E2.7CC2.13EDescribe atomic theory and discuss how it explains the great variety of different substances. How does it explain chemical reactions?Two compounds of iron and chlorine, A and B, contain 1.270 g and 1.904 g of chlorine, respectively, for each gram of iron. Show that these amounts are in the ratio 2 : 3. Is this consistent with the law of multiple proportions? Explain.Explain the operation of a cathode-ray tube. Describe the deflection of cathode rays by electrically charged plates placed within the cathode-ray tube. What does this imply about cathode rays?2.4QP2.5QPWhat are the different kinds of particles in the atoms nucleus? Compare their properties with each other and with those of an electron.Describe how protons and neutrons were discovered to be constituents of nuclei.Oxygen consists of three different _____, each having eight protons but different numbers of neutrons.Describe how Dalton obtained relative atomic weights.Briefly explain how a mass spectrometer works. What kinds of information does one obtain from the instrument?Define the term atomic weight. Why might the values of atomic weights on a planet elsewhere in the universe be different from those on earth?What is the name of the element in Group 4A and Period 5?2.13QP2.14QP2.15QPWhat is the fundamental difference between an organic substance and an inorganic substance? Write chemical formulas of three inorganic molecules that contain carbon.2.17QPWhich of the following models represent a(n): a element b compound c mixture d ionic solid e gas made up of an element and a compound f mixture of elements g solid element h solid i liquid2.19QP2.20QPHow many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 119Sn2+? a 50 p, 69 n, 48 e b 50 p, 69 n, 50 e c 119 p, 50 n, 69 e d 69 p, 50 n, 69 e e 50 p, 119 n, 52 eThe atomic weight of Ga is 69.72 amu. There are only two naturally occurring isotopes of gallium: 69Ga, with a mass of 69.0 amu, and 71Ga, with a mass of 71.0 amu. The natural abundance of the 69Ga isotope is approximately: a 15% b 30% c 50% d 65% e 80%2.23QPA chunk of an unidentified element (lets call it element X) is reacted with sulfur to form an ionic compound with the chemical formula X2S. Which of the following elements is the most likely identity of X? a Mg b Li c Al d C e ClAverage Atomic Weight Part 1: Consider the four identical spheres below, each with a mass of 2.00 g. Calculate the average mass of a sphere in this sample. Part 2: Now consider a sample that consists of four spheres, each with a different mass: blue mass is 2.00 g, red mass is 1.75 g, green mass is 3.00 g, and yellow mass is 1.25 g. a Calculate the average mass of a sphere in this sample. b How does the average mass for a sphere in this sample compare with the average mass of the sample that consisted just of the blue spheres? How can such different samples have their averages turn out the way they did? Part 3: Consider two jars. One jar contains 100 blue spheres, and the other jar contains 25 each of red, blue, green, and yellow colors mixed together. a If you were to remove 50 blue spheres from the jar containing just the blue spheres, what would be the total mass of spheres left in the jar? (Note that the masses of the spheres are given in Part 2.) b If you were to remove 50 spheres from the jar containing the mixture (assume you get a representative distribution of colors), what would be the total mass of spheres left in the jar? c In the case of the mixture of spheres, does the average mass of the spheres necessarily represent the mass of an individual sphere in the sample? d If you had 80.0 grams of spheres from the blue sample, how many spheres would you have? e If you had 60.0 grams of spheres from the mixed-color sample, how many spheres would you have? What assumption did you make about your sample when performing this calculation? Part 4: Consider a sample that consists of three green spheres and one blue sphere. The green mass is 3.00 g, and the blue mass is 1.00 g. a Calculate the fractional abundance of each sphere in the sample. b Use the fractional abundance to calculate the average mass of the spheres in this sample. c How are the ideas developed in this Concept Exploration related to the atomic weights of the elements?Model of the Atom Consider the following depictions of two atoms, which have been greatly enlarged so you can see the subatomic particles. a How many protons are present in atom A? b What is the significance of the number of protons depicted in atom A or any atom? c Can you identify the real element represented by the drawing of atom A? If so, what element does it represent? d What is the charge on atom A? Explain how you arrived at your answer. e Write the nuclide symbol of atom A. f Write the atomic symbol and the atomic number of atom B. g What is the mass number of atom B? How does this mass number compare with that of atom A? h What is the charge on atom B? i Write the nuclide symbol of atom B. j Draw pictures like those above of 36Li+ and 36Li atoms. What are the mass number and atomic number of each of these atoms? k Consider the two atoms depicted in this problem and the two that you just drew. What is the total number of lithium isotopes depicted? How did you make your decision? l Is the mass number of an isotope of an atom equal to the mass of the isotope of the atom? Be sure to explain your answer.One of the early models of the atom proposed that atoms were wispy balls of positive charge with the electrons evenly distributed throughout. What would you expect to observe if you conducted Rutherfords experiment and the atom had this structure?A friend is trying to balance the following equation: N2+H2NH3 He presents you with his version of the balanced equation: N+H3NH3 You immediately recognize that he has committed a serious error; however, he argues that there is nothing wrong, since the equation is balanced. What reason can you give to convince him that his method of balancing the equation is flawed?Given that the periodic table is an organizational scheme for the elements, what might be some other logical ways in which to group the elements that would provide meaningful chemical information in a periodic table of your own devising?2.30QP2.31QPMatch the molecular model with the correct chemical formula: CH3OH, NH3, KCl, H2O.Consider a hypothetical case in which the charge on a proton is twice that of an electron. Using this hypothetical case, and the fact that atoms maintain a charge of 0, how many protons, neutrons, and electrons would a potassium-39 atom contain?2.34QP2.35QPYou perform a chemical reaction using the hypothetical elements A and B. These elements are represented by their molecular models shown below: The product of the reaction represented by molecular models is a Using the molecular models and the boxes, present a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of elements A and B. b Using the symbols A and B2 for the chemical reaction, write a balanced chemical equation. c What are some real-element possibilities for element B?2.37QP2.38QP2.39QP2.40QPA student has determined the mass-to-charge ratio for an electron to be 5.64 1012 kg/C. In another experiment, using Millikans oil-drop apparatus, he found the charge on the electron to be 1.605 1019 C. What would be the mass of the electron, according to these data?The mass-to-charge ratio for the positive ion F+ is 1.97 107 kg/C. Using the value of 1.602 1019 C for the charge on the ion, calculate the mass of the fluorine atom. (The mass of the electron is negligible compared with that of the ion, so the ion mass is essentially the atomic weight.)The following table gives the number of protons and neutrons in the nuclei of various atoms. Which atom is the isotope of atom A? Which atom has the same mass number as atom A? Protons Neutrons Atom A 18 19 Atom B 16 19 Atom C 18 18 Atom D 17 20The following table gives the number of protons and neutrons in the nuclei of various atoms. Which atom is the isotope of atom A? Which atom has the same mass number as atom A? Protons Neutrons Atom A 32 39 Atom B 33 38 Atom C 38 50 Atom D 32 38Naturally occurring chlorine is a mixture of the isotopes Cl-35 and Cl-37. How many protons and how many neutrons are there in each isotope? How many electrons are there in the neutral atoms?Naturally occurring nitrogen is a mixture of 14N and 15N. Give the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the neutral atom of each isotope.What is the nuclide symbol for the nucleus that contains 11 protons and 12 neutrons?An atom contains 34 protons and 45 neutrons. What is the nuclide symbol for the nucleus?Ammonia is a gas with a characteristic pungent odor. It is sold as a water solution for use in household cleaning. The gas is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen in the atomic ratio 1 : 3. A sample of ammonia contains 7.933 g N and 1.712 g H. What is the atomic weight of N relative to H?Hydrogen sulfide is a gas with the odor of rotten eggs. The gas can sometimes be detected in automobile exhaust. It is a compound of hydrogen and sulfur in the atomic ratio 2 : 1. A sample of hydrogen sulfide contains 0.587 g H and 9.330 g S. What is the atomic weight of S relative to H?Calculate the atomic weight of an element with two naturally occurring isotopes, from the following data: Isotope Isotopic Mass (amu) Fractional Abundance X-63 62.930 0.6909 X-65 64.928 0.3091 What is the identity of element X?An element has two naturally occurring isotopes with the following masses and abundances: Isotopic Mass (amu) Fractional Abundance 49.9472 2.500 103 50.9440 0.9975 What is the atomic weight of this element? What is the identity of the element?An element has three naturally occurring isotopes with the following masses and abundances: Isotopic Mass (amu) Fractional Abundance 38.964 0.9326 39.964 1.000 104 40.962 0.0673 Calculate the atomic weight of this element. What is the identity of the element?An element has three naturally occurring isotopes with the following masses and abundances: Isotopic Mass (amu) Fractional Abundance 27.977 0.9221 28.976 0.0470 29.974 0.0309 Calculate the atomic weight of this element. What is the identity of the element?While traveling to a distant universe, you discover the hypothetical element X. You obtain a representative sample of the element and discover that it is made up of two isotopes, X-23 and X-25. To help your science team calculate the atomic weight of the substance, you send the following drawing of your sample with your report. In the report, you also inform the science team that the brown atoms are X-23, which have an isotopic mass of 23.02 amu, and the green atoms are X-25, which have an isotopic mass of 25.147 amu. What is the atomic weight of element X?While roaming a parallel universe, you discover the hypothetical element Z. You obtain a representative sample of the element and discover that it is made up of two isotopes, Z-47 and Z-51. To help your science team calculate the atomic weight of the substance, you send the following drawing of your sample with your report. In the report, you also inform the science team that the blue atoms are Z-47, which have an isotopic mass of 47.621 amu, and the orange atoms are Z-51, which have an isotopic mass of 51.217 amu. What is the atomic weight of element Z?Identify the group and period for each of the following. Refer to the periodic table (Figure 2.15 or inside front cover). Label each as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid. a C b Po c Cr d Mg e B2.58QP2.59QP2.60QP2.61QP2.62QPThe normal form of the element sulfur is a brittle, yellow solid. This is a molecular substance, Sg. If this solid is vaporized, it first forms Sg molecules; but at high temperature, S2 molecules are formed. How do the molecules of the solid sulfur and of the hot vapor differ? How are the molecules alike?White phosphorus is available in sticks, which have a waxy appearance. This is a molecular substance, P4. When this solid is vaporized, it first forms P4 molecules; but at high temperature, P2 molecules are formed. How do the molecules of white phosphorus and those of the hot vapor differ? How are the molecules alike?A 4.19-g sample of nitrous oxide (an anesthetic, sometimes called laughing gas) contains 5.73 1022 N2O molecules. How many nitrogen atoms are in this sample? How many nitrogen atoms are in 2.67 g of nitrous oxide?Nitric acid is composed of HNO3 molecules. A sample weighing 4.50 g contains 4.30 1022 HNO3 molecules. How many nitrogen atoms are in this sample? How many oxygen atoms are in 61.0 g of nitric acid?A sample of ammonia, NH3, contains 1.2 1023 hydrogen atoms. How many NH3 molecules are in this sample?A sample of ethanol (ethyl alcohol), C2H3OH, contains 4.2 1023 hydrogen atoms. How many C2H3OH molecules are in this sample?2.69QPWhat molecular formula corresponds to each of the following structural formulas?2.71QP2.72QP2.73QPAmmonium phosphate, (NH4)3PO4, has how many oxygen atoms for each nitrogen atom?2.75QP2.76QPName the following compounds. a Na2SO4 b Na3N c CuCl d Cr2O3Name the following compounds. a CaO b Mn2O3 c NH4HCO3 d Cu(NO3)22.79QP2.80QP2.81QPFor each of the following binary compounds, decide whether the compound is expected to be ionic or molecular. a H2O b As4O6 c ClF3 d Fe2O3