Evolutionary Analysis (5th Edition)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780321616678
Author: Jon C. Herron, Scott Freeman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 1, Problem 14Q
Authors in various fields often make interesting statements about evolution:
- (a) A traditional view, particularly in parasitology and medicine, was that relationships between parasites and their hosts inevitably evolve toward peaceful coexistence (see Ewald 1983). Among the arguments for this view was that a parasite population is likely to survive longer if its host remains unharmed. Are the traditional view and the argument for it consistent with what you know about HIV—and about other diseases and parasites? What experiments do they suggest?
- (b) HIV is a tiny, robotic, molecular machine. Many science fiction books describe robots that evolve to become intelligent and conscious (and, usually, seek freedom, develop emotions, and start wars with humans). Under what conditions could robots actually evolve? Is it necessary that the robots reproduce, for example?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes what we learned about HIV evolution?
a.
HIV is more deadly in Northern Europe, but more transmissible in Africa. That is why there are more individuals infected with the illness in Africa.
b.
HIV shares a most recently common ancestor with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) such that SIV evolved as it host-switched from chimpanzees and gorillas into humans multiple times.
c.
Drug development is exceedingly difficult because there are very few drug targets for HIV and AZT (a reverse transcriptase inhibitor) alone is the single most effective treatment for HIV.
d.
Evolution of HIV virions within a person is quite slow such that a blood draw after 1 year of infection would reveal that every single virion would have the exact same sequence.
Science fiction movies have been known to sketch out a world of the near-future where terrible things have happened such as the evolution of antibiotic resistance in flesh-eating bacteria. What might we reasonably say about this topic? (Select all that apply)
A - While one can have fun with entertaining stories about evolution (including ones that are very plausible), this is not a good reason to fund research on antibiotics because that is a solved medical problem.
B - It has already happened with some early antibiotics (like penicillin)-the only reason we are momentarily okay is the continued development of additional antibiotics.
C - In principle, it is possible but evolution takes millions of years, so don't expect it in the near-future.
D - The bodies of humans have evolved since the discovery of antibiotics such that they are less and less effective already.
E - We shouldn't find antibiotic resistance to be evidence for evolution because it is only a science-fiction story: it…
The application of evolution to understanding disease is widespread and productive. What is the benefit of applying Darwinian principles to medical practice?
Chapter 1 Solutions
Evolutionary Analysis (5th Edition)
Ch. 1 - Prob. 1QCh. 1 - Prob. 2QCh. 1 - Prob. 3QCh. 1 - Given the risk of evolution of resistance, why do...Ch. 1 - Prob. 5QCh. 1 - Prob. 6QCh. 1 - In a monograph published in 1883, Alexander Graham...Ch. 1 - Design a study to test our prediction that human...Ch. 1 - Prob. 9QCh. 1 - Suppose that HIV were the ancestor of the SIVs,...
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- If it is possible asnwer all the following questions, if not, i would like to know about question 2 and question 3. thank you. 1. Why is the statement, humans evolved from monkeys, incorrect? 2. In recent years, strains of bacteria resistant to antibiotics have created serious health care challenges for our society. Based on what you've learned about natural selection, explain how the overuse of antibiotics could influence the evolution of bacterial diseases. 3. How does the peppered moth example demonstrate that evolution is directional? 4. Is is viable to believe both in creation and evolutionarrow_forwardHumans in the 21st century use their thumbs extensively to operate touchscreens on cellphones. Imagine a scenario, where the human population evolves to have more dexterous thumbs over the next 300 years. Which of the following is a Lamarckian explanation for this evolutionary change (and, therefore, would an incorrect evolutionary mechanism?) humans that develop more dexterity in their thumb over their lifetime due to frequent use of cellphones pass that ability to their children humans that were born with a mutation for more dexterous thumbs have more children thumb dexterity is a dominant traitarrow_forwardMosquitoes can carry and transmit many diseases to humans. In the past, the insecticide DDT was heavily used to reduce mosquito populations in order to reduce instances of disease transmission. However, after some time, mosquito populations developed a resistance to DDT, which made the DDT less effective in reducing mosquito populations. Based on what you’ve learned about natural selection, in 3–5 sentences, describe how mosquitoes may have come to develop this resistance.arrow_forward
- How does the increasing frequency of anabiotic resistant strains of bacteria represent an example of the occurrence of evolution? Include the three criteria for natural selection in your explanation. arrow_forwardWhat is one way you can use the theory of evolution to understand things in everyday life ? This can be anything from a better understanding of a disease to a deeper appreciation for art or philosophy.arrow_forward1 a) Which of the following statements is true about evolution? i) populations are selected but phenotypes evolve? ii) individuals are selected but populations evolve iii) none of the statements are true iv) genotypes are selected but individuals evolve? 1 b) Which genotype best describes "fitness"? i) it causes changes to organisms over time ii) it reduces an organism's chances of survival and reproduction iii) it allows an organism to exist in any environment iv) it increases an organisms chances of survival and reproduction 1 c) In order for allopatric speciation to occur, what mechanism of evolution must be prevented from happening? i) gene flow ii)sexual selection iii)genetic drift iv) mutationarrow_forward
- Mosquitoes can carry and transmit many diseases to humans. In the past, the insecticide DDT was heavily used to reduce mosquito populations in order to reduce instances of disease transmission. However, after some time, mosquito populations developed a resistance to DDT, which made the DDT less effective in reducing mosquito populations. Based on what you’ve learned about natural selection, describe how mosquitoes may have come to develop this resistancearrow_forwardDescribe the modern theory of evolution and discuss how it is supported by evidence from two of the following three areas. a. Population genetics b. Molecular biology c. Comparative anatomy and embryology Evolution is one of the major unifying concepts of modern biology. Explain the mechanisms that lead to evolutionary change. An essay on Describing how scientists use each of the following as evidence for evolution. • Bacterial resistance to antibiotics • Comparative biochemistry • The fossil recordsarrow_forwardWhich evolutionary mechanisms (natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, or gene flow) would you need to understand to predict the success of genetically modified mosquitoes to: 1. Drive the mosquito population to extinction? 2. Replace the mosquito population with genetically modified mosquitoes that can not transmit malaria?arrow_forward
- describe the modern theory of evoluton and discuss how it is supported by evidence from two of the following three areas a.population genetics b.molecular biology c.comparative anatomy and embryology evolution is one of the major unifying concepts of modern biology.explain the mechanism that lead to evolutionary change.describe how scientists use each of the following as evidence fornevolution a.bacterial resistance to antibiotics b.comparative biochemistry c.the fossil recordsarrow_forwardhttps://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/110301_pcbresistantcod (ARTICLE LINK) QUESTIONS: 1. Review the process of natural selection. Use the steps to explain how PCB resistance became so common among tomcod in the Hudson. Be sure to include the terms mutation, fitness, selective pressure, and adaptation in your explanation. 2. In this blog post, the author describes the tomcod as "a quick learner" because of the population's adaptation to PCBs. Is "learning" an accurate way to describe the change in the Hudson River tomcod population? Why or why not? 3. The data shown on the map above support the hypothesis that natural selection for PCB resistance has occurred among tomcod in the Hudson. What sort of evidence regarding gene frequencies in different populations would argue against this hypothesis (i.e., imagine what the scientists would have observed in this study if natural selection on the AHR gene had not occurred among Hudson River tomcod)? 4. Why is it not accurate to…arrow_forwardEvolution is one of the major unifying concepts of modern biology. Explain the mechanisms that lead to evolutionary change. Describe how scientists use each of the following as evidence for evolution. • Bacterial resistance to antibiotics • Comparative biochemistry • The fossil recordsarrow_forward
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