EVOLUTIONARY ANALYSIS(LL)+ACCESS CODE
18th Edition
ISBN: 9781323811252
Author: HERRON
Publisher: PEARSON C
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Chapter 1, Problem 2Q
Summary Introduction
To determine: The trait of HIV that contributes to its rapid evolution.
Introduction: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a life-threatening disorder that is caused by a retrovirus called human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This virus is chiefly transmitted from an infected person to a healthy person by direct contact of body fluids like blood, semen, and vaginal fluids.
Summary Introduction
To determine: The way by which a similar situation can explain the scenario of evolution of antibiotic resistance in a population of bacteria.
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Implication
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Chapter 1 Solutions
EVOLUTIONARY ANALYSIS(LL)+ACCESS CODE
Ch. 1 - Prob. 1QCh. 1 - Prob. 2QCh. 1 - Prob. 3QCh. 1 - Given the risk of evolution of resistance, why do...Ch. 1 - Prob. 5QCh. 1 - Prob. 6QCh. 1 - In a monograph published in 1883, Alexander Graham...Ch. 1 - Design a study to test our prediction that human...Ch. 1 - Prob. 9QCh. 1 - Suppose that HIV were the ancestor of the SIVs,...
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Similar questions
- Based on what you know about the mechanisms through which the effective antibiotics work, describe ways in which a population of coli resistant to these drugs could evolve. How does this relate to the theory of evolution by natural selection?arrow_forwardAntibiotic-resistant bacteria may expend extra energy and resources to produce special compounds and carry extra genetic material to protect themselves against antibiotics. Predict what might happen to these bacteria if they are not exposed to antibiotics for many generations.arrow_forwardDescribe the role that chimpanzees played in the evolution of HIV-1.arrow_forward
- In patients with nonresistant strains of the tuberculosis bacterium, antibiotics can relieve symptoms in a few weeks. However, it takes much longer to halt the infection, and patients may discontinue treatment while bacteria are still present. Explain how this could result in the evolution of drug-resistant pathogens.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements accurately describes what we learned about HIV evolution? a. HIV is more deadly in Northern Europe, but more transmissible in Africa. That is why there are more individuals infected with the illness in Africa. b. HIV shares a most recently common ancestor with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) such that SIV evolved as it host-switched from chimpanzees and gorillas into humans multiple times. c. Drug development is exceedingly difficult because there are very few drug targets for HIV and AZT (a reverse transcriptase inhibitor) alone is the single most effective treatment for HIV. d. Evolution of HIV virions within a person is quite slow such that a blood draw after 1 year of infection would reveal that every single virion would have the exact same sequence.arrow_forwardInfluenza vaccines must be changed yearly because the amino acid sequence of the viral proteins change gradually over time. Based on this information, which is the most logical conclusion? The influenza virusa) is enveloped. b) is non-enveloped.c) has a DNA genome. d) has an RNA genome.e) causes a persistent infection.arrow_forward
- Messenger ribonucleic acid, or mRNA, aided in the speedy development of the COVID-19 vaccine, preventing many individuals from being ill. How will this medical technology aid us in the fight against emerging infections in the future?arrow_forwardVirology:Influenza virus is able to cause repeated infections by evading immune responses by using the phenomena of antigenic shift and antigenic drift.Define these two phenomena.arrow_forwardWhat is an emerging virus? Give two examples. Propose an experiment to explain how an emerging virus could arise.arrow_forward
- The evolutionary tree of HIV-1 revels that a.) The SIV strain that infects gorillas is the same strain that infects chimpanzees. b.) HIV is a monophyletic clade that originated from the same strain of SIV. c.) All of the answers are correct d.) The virus jumped from chimpanzees to humans four times. E.) western chimpanzees are more closely related to gorillas than eastern chimpanzees.arrow_forwardGive typed full explanation Which diseases did doctors need to rule out in the process of identifying Zika as the cause of infection? more than one answer could be correct a) Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, & P. malariae b) Chikungunya virus c) Ebola virus d) Dengue virus e) Rabies virusarrow_forwardGive typing answer with explanation and conclusion 1) A population of HIV viruses exposed to any single antiretroviral medication typically evolves resistance to this medication within a year or two. In contrast, populations of humans exposed to HIV for many years have not yet evolved significant resistance to HIV infection. Which of the following reasons may explain why evolution has been so much more rapid in HIV populations than in human populations? a) Humans have much longer generation times. b) Humans have reverse transcriptases that are less error prone. c) Human DNA polymerases are less error prone. d) Viruses need to mutate quickly to survive in their hosts. e) Humans have no ability to evolve resistance to HIV.arrow_forward
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