EVOLUTIONARY ANALYSIS(LL)+ACCESS CODE
18th Edition
ISBN: 9781323811252
Author: HERRON
Publisher: PEARSON C
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Chapter 1, Problem 11Q
Summary Introduction
To determine: Whether the given statement is consistent with the evolution of HIV
Introduction: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a life-threatening disorder that is caused by a retrovirus called human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This is a life-threatening syndrome because the virus interferes with the body’s ability to fight against diseases by destroying T cells of the immune system.
Summary Introduction
To determine: The reason why the given hypothesis is not consistent with HIV.
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Chapter 1 Solutions
EVOLUTIONARY ANALYSIS(LL)+ACCESS CODE
Ch. 1 - Prob. 1QCh. 1 - Prob. 2QCh. 1 - Prob. 3QCh. 1 - Given the risk of evolution of resistance, why do...Ch. 1 - Prob. 5QCh. 1 - Prob. 6QCh. 1 - In a monograph published in 1883, Alexander Graham...Ch. 1 - Design a study to test our prediction that human...Ch. 1 - Prob. 9QCh. 1 - Suppose that HIV were the ancestor of the SIVs,...
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Which of the following statements concerning antigenic drift in influenza viruses is correct? A-It results in major antigenic changes B-It affects predominantly the matrix protein C-It is exhibited by only influenza A viruses D-It is due to frame shift mutations in viral genes E-It results in new sub types over timearrow_forwardThe Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV), is an HIV-like virus that originally attacks the immune system of monkeys and apes. In 1999, researchers identified a strain of chimpanzee SIV called SIVcpz, which was nearly identical to HIV. Which of the following conclusions could be drawn from the similarities and relatedness that exist between humans and primates based on respective strains of viruses? Mosquitos are vectors of the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV), and HIV. Once injected with their proboscis and introduced viruses into the human bloodstream, viral mutations occur. Human immunodeficiency virus has reverse transcriptase so it is easier for them to transform into another strain of the virus. The introduction of new viral strains is inevitable and they do not possess selectivity. Both immune host cells from humans and chimpanzees are susceptible to any viral infection. Humans and Chimpanzees were similar so it is easier for the Simian Immunodeficiency…arrow_forwardEfforts to produce an HIV vaccine have met with limited success. What aspects of the virus and its replicative strategy make it difficult to produce a vaccine against HIV? What other kind of virus might be similarly different to vaccinate against? What similarities and differences exist between the two types of virus that account for the differences in vaccine production?arrow_forward
- Can viruses adapt by natural selection? A. No, because there isn't a genetic basis for inheritance between parent and offspring virus particles. B. No, because there isn't a way to distinguish more fit from less fit virus particles C. Yes but only via human (domestic/artificial) selection D. No they evolve by mutations. E. Yes, virus particles that are most successful successful in reproducing quickly and infecting other host cells are the best adapted.arrow_forwardNot all Americans are willing to get the covid-19 vaccine, and not all countries have enough vaccines for all their citizens, or the capacity to distribute them. Explain how this may provide opportunities for viral evolution to occur and the potential consequences.arrow_forwardEach year, hundreds of millions of people get sick from diseases like Zika, Dengue Fever, and Yellow Fever that are spread by mosquitoes. Some scientists are investigating the possibility of curbing these mosquito-borne diseases by genetically modifying the mosquitoes, such that they become less able to either reproduce or to carry the disease-causing microbes. Should genetically modified mosquitoes be released into the environment to combat these viruses?arrow_forward
- Do you think a variation in the human genome that confers resistance to coronaviruses (SARS-COV-2) Will be selected for in the human population through future human generations? why or why not? Consider covid 19 morality rates, the reproductive ages of those who are most at risk, economic factors, etc. Pathogens evolve over time as well, what effect if any could this have on human evolution?arrow_forwardSome older vaccines used a weakened strain of the pathogenic virus in the injection in the hope that the weakened virus would induce an immune response without causing disease. The virus vectors used in genetic engineering have all the harmful virus genes cut out and replaced with the foreign gene, such as one that makes a protein that is absent in the human patient. Which type of viral vaccine would you prefer to take as the safest option? Why? Some Covid 19 vaccines in development use the adenovirus, a common vector used in gene therapies, to inject the mRNa for the spike protein into human muscle cells. Why might vaccines using a virus vector be more likely to need only refrigeration and not deep-cold storage, given what you know about viruses?arrow_forwardIn 2006, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of bacteriophage preparation that can be used on ready-to-eat meat and poultry products to kill Listeria monocytogenes, a bacterium that causes listeriosis. Some people may have concerns about the use of phages in foods. From what you have learned about bacteriophages and viruses, why do you think we do not have to be concerned about the presence of bacteriophages in food?arrow_forward
- From a global health viewpoint howdoes HIV/AIDS fit into either the ecological/evolutionary model of disease or the political-economy model of disease?arrow_forwardThe success of some viruses lies in their ability to evolve rapidly within the host. Such a virus evades the host's defenses by mutating and producing many altered progeny viruses before the body can mount an attack. Thus, the viruses present late in infection differ from those that initially infected the body. Discuss this as an example of evolution in a microcosm. Which viral lineages tend to predominate?arrow_forwardRed numbers are bootstrap scores. Recall that any bootstrap score >= 90% is considered strong. From image attached answer the following: Are most bootstrap scores in your tree >= 90%? Does your tree support the hypothesis that HIV-1 is closely related to chimpanzee SIV (SIV_CPZ)? Does your tree support the hypothesis that HIV-2 is closely related to various non-chimpanzee SIVs?arrow_forward
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