Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014) conducted a series of studies comparing the effectiveness of taking classroom notes on laptops versus writing longhand. In one study, students were instructed to use their normal classroom note taking strategy using either a notebook or a laptop while they watched a brief lecture. A short time later, the students were given a quiz on the lecture material. Although the quiz results showed no difference between the two strategies for factual questions, the students using longhand had significantly higher scores for conceptual questions. Explain why the researchers cannot conclude that taking longhand notes causes better conceptual learning that taking notes on a laptop.
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Chapter 10 Solutions
EBK RESEARCH METHODS FOR THE BEHAVIORAL
- In a research study, wherein the researcher wanted to know if people’s intelligence is perceived differently based on race, participants observed either a Caucasian, African American, or Asian American stimulus person giving a speech. All stimulus persons gave the same verbal speech. After observing this person, the participants had to rate the stimulus person’s level of intelligence on a scale of 1-10. The participants were separated by gender and their ratings were analyzed separately. How many possible interaction effects might the researcher find? Group of answer choices 3 0 1 2arrow_forwardIn studies examining the effect of humor on interpersonal attractions, McGee and Shevlin (2009) found that an individual’s sense of humor had a significant effect on how the individual was perceived by others. In one part of the study, female college students were given brief descriptions of a potential romantic partner. The fictitious male was described positively as being single and ambitious and having good job prospects. For one group of participants, the description also said that he had a great sense of humor. For another group, it said that he has no sense of humor. After reading the description, each participant was asked to rate the attractiveness of the man on a seven-point scale from 1 (very unattractive) to 7 (very attractive). A score of 4 indicates a neutral rating. The females who read the “great sense of humor” description gave the potential partner an average attractiveness score of M = 4.53 with a standard deviation of s = 1.04. If the sample consisted of n = 16…arrow_forwardIn a study examining the effect of humor on interpersonal attractions, McGee and Shevlin (2009) found that a man’s sense of humor had a significant effect on how he was perceived by women. In the study, female college students were given brief descriptions of a potential romantic partner and then rated the attractiveness of the male on a scale from 1 (low) to 7 (high). The fictitious male was described positively as being single, ambitious, and having good job prospects. In one condition, the description also said that he had a great sense of humor. The results showed that the description was rated significantly higher when “a sense of humor” was included. To examine this effect further, a researcher selected a sample of n = 16 college males and asked them to read a brief description of a female and then rate the attractiveness of the woman in the description. The description had been used in previous research but was modified by adding a statement describing a good sense of humor.…arrow_forward
- Would an observational study or an experiment be more appropriate for a medical research team that is trying to figure out if a new medicine is effective in treating migraines? Justify your response.arrow_forwardIn a study examining the effect of humor on interpersonal attractions, McGee and Shevlin (2009) found that a man’s sense of humor had a significant effect on how he was perceived by women. In the study, female college students were given brief descriptions of a potential romantic partner and then rated the attractiveness of the male on a scale from 1 (low) to 7 (high). The fictitious male was described positively as being single, ambitious, and having good job prospects. In one condition, the description also said that he had a great sense of humor. The results showed that the description was rated significantly higher when “a sense of humor” was included. To examine this effect further, a researcher selected a sample of n = 16 college males and asked them to read a brief description of a female and then rate the attractiveness of the woman in the description. The description had been used in previous research but was modified by adding a statement describing a good sense of humor.…arrow_forwarda repeated measures research study demonstrating that swearing can help reduce ratings of pain (Stephens, Atkins, & Kingston, 2009). In the study, each participant was asked to plunge a hand into icy water and keep it there as long as the pain would allow. In one condition, the participants repeated their favorite curse words while their hands were in the water. In the other condition, the participants repeated a neutral word. In addition to lowering the participants’ perception of pain, swearing also increased the amount of time that they were able to tolerate the pain. Data similar to the results obtained in the study are shown in the following table. Do these data indicate a significant difference in pain tolerance between the two conditions? Use a two tailed test with = .05. Compute r², the percentage of variance accounted for, to measure the size of the treatment effect. Participant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Swear Words 94 70 52 83 46 117 69 39 51 73 Neutral Words 59 61 47 60…arrow_forward
- Craik & Tulving ran an experiment to determine how depth of processing during study affects memory. In the study phase, 12 participants made judgments about words. In one block of trials (the visual condition) they indicated whether the words were written in upper case or lower case; in another block of trials (the auditory condition) they indicated whether the words contained an "ee" sound; in another block of trials (the meaning condition) they indicated whether the meaning of the words was pleasant or unpleasant. There were 12 words in each block. After completing the study phase, participants were asked to write down all the words they could remember. Here are the data: Mean Visual 3.5 Auditory 4.5 Meaning 6.0 Standard Deviation 1.5 1.6 1.9 Compared to the within-subjects design, the between-subjects design (select all that apply) Oa. Would have less statistical power O b. Would be less prone to experimenter bias O c. Would be less prone to order effects Od. Would have better…arrow_forwardDo people feel hungrier after sampling a healthy food? The authors of a consumer research paper carried out a study to answer this question. They randomly assigned volunteers into one of three groups. The people in the first group were asked to taste a snack that was described as a new health bar containing high levels of protein, vitamins, and fiber. The people in the second group were asked to taste the same snack but were told it was a tasty chocolate bar with a raspberry center. After tasting the snack, participants were asked to rate their hunger level on a scale from 1 (not at all hungry) to 7 (very hungry). The people in the third group were asked to rate their hunger but were not given a snack. The data in the table are consistent with summary quantities given in the paper (although the sample sizes in the actual study were larger). TreatmentGroup Hunger Rating SampleMean SampleStandardDeviation Healthy 5 8 7 4 7 3 4 7 6 5.6667 1.7321 Tasty 4 1 5 2 6 2 5 3 4 3.5556…arrow_forwardDo people feel hungrier after sampling a healthy food? The authors of a consumer research paper carried out a study to answer this question. They randomly assigned volunteers into one of three groups. The people in the first group were asked to taste a snack that was described as a new health bar containing high levels of protein, vitamins, and fiber. The people in the second group were asked to taste the same snack but were told it was a tasty chocolate bar with a raspberry center. After tasting the snack, participants were asked to rate their hunger level on a scale from 1 (not at all hungry) to 7 (very hungry). The people in the third group were asked to rate their hunger but were not given a snack. The data in the table are consistent with summary quantities given in the paper (although the sample sizes in the actual study were larger). Treatment Group Healthy Tasty 5 8 7 Hunger Rating No Snack 3 4 4 4 1 4 2 7 3 6 2 5 6 5 5 4 7 5 2 3 4 6 4 4 Sample Mean 5.6667 3.4444 4.2222 Sample…arrow_forward
- A manufacturer of household appliances wanted to determine if there was a relationship between family size and the size of washing machine purchased. The manufacturer was preparing guidelines for sales personnel and wanted to know if the sales staff should make specific recommendations to customers. A random sample of 300 families was asked about family size and size of washing machine. For the 40 families with one or two people, 25 had an 8-pound washer, 10 had a 10-pound washer, and 5 had a 12-pound washer. The 140 families with three or four people included 37 with the 8-pound washer, 62 with the 10-pound washer, and 41 with the 12-pound washer. For the remaining 120 families with five or more people, 8 had an 8-pound washer, 53 had a 10-pound washer, and 59 had a 12-pound washer. Based on these results, what can be concluded about family size and size of washer? Construct a two-way table, state the hypothesis, compute the statistics, and state your conclusion.arrow_forwardA scientist is studying the relationship between stomach aches and headaches among students. On her survey, she asked if the participant had headaches that could be classified as “sudden,” “chronic,” or “none.” The survey also asked if the participant had stomach aches with answers of “yes” or “no.” From the survey she found: 14% have sudden headaches; 22% have chronic headaches; 15% have stomach aches; Of those with stomach aches, 1⁄3 have sudden headaches. Of those with no headaches, 1⁄8 have stomach aches. What is the probability that a randomly selected student from the survey did not have stomach aches, but they do have chronic headaches?arrow_forwardDoes the shape or color of a pain pill influence its effectiveness? Although logically it shouldn’t, whether we believe a drug will work does have a powerful effect on our perceptions (e.g., placebo effect). In this experiment, 4 groups of adult patients were given the same amount of Advil after dental surgery for pain relief, but the color and shape of the pill varied. Researchers hypothesized that an unusual shape or color would lead people to believe the pills were new and special and thus would expect them to be more effective than common round, white pills. Researchers also wanted to know if there is an interaction between shape and color what is the purpose and design of the study as well as the characteristics of the participants in the sample?arrow_forward
- Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...AlgebraISBN:9780079039897Author:CarterPublisher:McGraw HillBig Ideas Math A Bridge To Success Algebra 1: Stu...AlgebraISBN:9781680331141Author:HOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURTPublisher:Houghton Mifflin HarcourtHolt Mcdougal Larson Pre-algebra: Student Edition...AlgebraISBN:9780547587776Author:HOLT MCDOUGALPublisher:HOLT MCDOUGAL