Concept explainers
Which substance in each of the following pairs would you expect to have the higher boiling point? (a) Ne or Xe, (b) CO2 or CS2, (c) CH4 or Cl2, (d) F2 or LiF, (e) NH3 or PH3. Explain your answer.
(a)
Interpretation:
The substance with higher boiling point in the given pairs of substances should be determined.
Concept introduction:
- Polarity of a bond is due to the difference in electro-negativities of atoms presented in it. The polarities of bonds are represented by using vectors.
- If the result of all bond polarities or vector sum is non-zero in a molecule, then the molecule is called as polar molecule.
- If the result of all bond polarities or vector sum is zero in a molecule, then the molecule is called as nonpolar molecule.
- Intermolecular force is the set of repulsive and attractive forces between molecules that result from the polarity between neighboring molecules. There are four types of intermolecular forces.
- Dipole – Dipole interaction: This force takes place between polar compounds.
- Hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole interaction of molecules when the hydrogen is bonded to strong electronegative atom (F, O, N, etc) in the molecules.
- Dispersion force is a weak force and this force is present in all compounds force.
- Boiling point is depending upon the strength of inter molecular forces.
Answer to Problem 11.16QP
Explanation of Solution
Therefore, only dispersion forces are presented in these molecules; dispersion forces is depends upon the molecular weight.
Boiling point is depending upon the strength of inter molecular forces.
Hence,
(b)
Interpretation:
The substance with higher boiling point in the given pairs of substances should be determined.
Concept introduction:
- Polarity of a bond is due to the difference in electro-negativities of atoms presented in it. The polarities of bonds are represented by using vectors.
- If the result of all bond polarities or vector sum is non-zero in a molecule, then the molecule is called as polar molecule.
- If the result of all bond polarities or vector sum is zero in a molecule, then the molecule is called as nonpolar molecule.
- Intermolecular force is the set of repulsive and attractive forces between molecules that result from the polarity between neighboring molecules. There are four types of intermolecular forces.
- Dipole – Dipole interaction: This force takes place between polar compounds.
- Hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole interaction of molecules when the hydrogen is bonded to strong electronegative atom (F, O, N, etc) in the molecules.
- Dispersion force is a weak force and this force is present in all compounds force.
- Boiling point is depending upon the strength of inter molecular forces.
Answer to Problem 11.16QP
(b)
Explanation of Solution
In
There are two C-S presented in
The result of all the bond polarities are the sum of all the vectors associated with each bonds.
The directions of C-S bond vectors are opposite to each other, so they cancel each other.
Hence,
The vector sum or the result of bond polarities for
Therefore,
Only dispersion forces are present in
In
There are two C-O presented in
The result of all the bond polarities are the sum of all the vectors associated with each bonds.
The directions of C-O bond vectors are opposite to each other, so they cancel each other.
Hence,
The vector sum or the result of bond polarities for
Therefore,
Only dispersion forces are present in
Dispersion forces is depends upon the molecular weight.
Boiling point depends upon the strength of inter molecular forces.
Hence,
(c)
Interpretation:
The substance with higher boiling point in the given pairs of substances should be determined.
Concept introduction:
- Polarity of a bond is due to the difference in electro-negativities of atoms presented in it. The polarities of bonds are represented by using vectors.
- If the result of all bond polarities or vector sum is non-zero in a molecule, then the molecule is called as polar molecule.
- If the result of all bond polarities or vector sum is zero in a molecule, then the molecule is called as nonpolar molecule.
- Intermolecular force is the set of repulsive and attractive forces between molecules that result from the polarity between neighboring molecules. There are four types of intermolecular forces.
- Dipole – Dipole interaction: This force takes place between polar compounds.
- Hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole interaction of molecules when the hydrogen is bonded to strong electronegative atom (F, O, N, etc) in the molecules.
- Dispersion force is a weak force and this force is present in all compounds force.
- Boiling point is depending upon the strength of inter molecular forces.
Answer to Problem 11.16QP
Explanation of Solution
The Cl-Cl bond in the
Therefore,
Only dispersion forces are present in
In
There are four C-H presented in
The result of all the bond polarities are the sum of all the vectors associated with each bonds.
The directions of C-H bond vectors are opposite to each other, so they cancel each other.
Hence,
The vector sum or the result of bond polarities for
Since the
Dispersion forces is depends upon the molecular weight.
Boiling point is depending upon the strength of inter molecular forces.
Hence,
(d)
Interpretation:
The substance with higher boiling point in the given pairs of substances should be determined.
Concept introduction:
- Polarity of a bond is due to the difference in electro-negativities of atoms presented in it. The polarities of bonds are represented by using vectors.
- If the result of all bond polarities or vector sum is non-zero in a molecule, then the molecule is called as polar molecule.
- If the result of all bond polarities or vector sum is zero in a molecule, then the molecule is called as nonpolar molecule.
- Intermolecular force is the set of repulsive and attractive forces between molecules that result from the polarity between neighboring molecules. There are four types of intermolecular forces.
- Dipole – Dipole interaction: This force takes place between polar compounds.
- Hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole interaction of molecules when the hydrogen is bonded to strong electronegative atom (F, O, N, etc) in the molecules.
- Dispersion force is a weak force and this force is present in all compounds force.
- Boiling point is depending upon the strength of inter molecular forces.
Answer to Problem 11.16QP
Explanation of Solution
The F-F bond in the
Therefore,
Only dispersion forces are present in
Therefore,
Ionic forces are present in
Since ionic forces stronger than dispersion forces, then
Boiling point depends upon the strength of inter molecular forces.
Hence,
(e)
Interpretation:
The substance with higher boiling point in the given pairs of substances should be determined.
Concept introduction:
- Polarity of a bond is due to the difference in electro-negativities of atoms presented in it. The polarities of bonds are represented by using vectors.
- If the result of all bond polarities or vector sum is non-zero in a molecule, then the molecule is called as polar molecule.
- If the result of all bond polarities or vector sum is zero in a molecule, then the molecule is called as nonpolar molecule.
- Intermolecular force is the set of repulsive and attractive forces between molecules that result from the polarity between neighboring molecules. There are four types of intermolecular forces.
- Dipole – Dipole interaction: This force takes place between polar compounds.
- Hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole interaction of molecules when the hydrogen is bonded to strong electronegative atom (F, O, N, etc) in the molecules.
- Dispersion force is a weak force and this force is present in all compounds force.
- Boiling point is depending upon the strength of inter molecular forces.
Answer to Problem 11.16QP
Explanation of Solution
In ammonia (
Three N-H bonds are presented and due to the difference in electronegativities of nitrogen and hydrogen, it has bond polarity. So
Polar molecules exhibit dipole-dipole interactions.
Since the hydrogen atom is bonded to nitrogen, then hydrogen bonding will be presented in between
In
Three P-H bonds are presented and due to the difference in electronegativities of phosphorus and hydrogen, it has bond polarity. So
Polar molecules exhibit dipole-dipole interactions.
Boiling point depends upon the strength of inter molecular forces.
Hence,
The molecules of higher boiling point in the given pairs of molecules are determined according to the polarities or molecular weights of molecules.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 11 Solutions
AVC LOOSELEAF CHEMISTRY W/CONNECT 2 SEM
- Which of He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe has the highest boiling point. Explain your answer.arrow_forwardRank the elements or compounds in the table below in decreasing order of their boiling points. That is, choose 1 next to the substance with the highest boiling point, choose 2 next to the substance with the next highest boiling point, and so on. substance B C D chemical symbol, chemical formula or Lewis structure HI H H ** HICIO-C-H со Cao I I H H H II HICICIOIH I | | H H boiling point (Choose one) (Choose one) (Choose one) • (Choose one)arrow_forwardWrite the thermochemical equation of reaction between solid phosphorus, P4 and oxygen gas, produces P4O6 and 1640.1 J kj of heat.arrow_forward
- In a hydrogen molecule, the two hydrogen atoms are held together by a single bond with a bond energy of 436 kJ/mol of hydrogen. In other words, to break the H-H bonds in one mole of molecular hydrogen requires the expenditure of 436 kJ of energy. Using the balanced chemical equation for the formation of water from oxygen and hydrogen (shown above), and interpreting the stoichiometric coefficients as mole amounts, how much energy must be expended in breaking the H-H bonds? kJarrow_forwardCH,OH The name carbohydrate comes from the fact that many simple sugars have chemical formulae that look like water has simply been added to carbon. (The suffix hydrate from the Greek word hydor ("water") means "compound formed by the addition of water.") OH The actual chemical structure of carbohydrates doesn't look anything like water molecules bonded to carbon atoms (see sketch at right). But it is nevertheless possible to chemically extract all the hydrogen and oxygen from many simple carbohydrates as water, leaving only carbon behind. If you search the Internet for "reaction of sulfuric acid and sugar" you will find some impressive videos of this. НО OH ОН The actual chemical Suppose you had (200. g) of ordinary table sugar, which chemists call sucrose, and which has the chemical formula C,,H,,0,. 22 structure of glucose. 12 Calculate the maximum mass of water you could theoretically extract. Be sure your answer has a unit symbol, and round it to 3 significant digits. x10 ?arrow_forwarda) Using electronegativity values, predict the type of bond expected between hydrogen and sulphur. b) Write the chemical formula for hydrogen sulphide. Show your workings. c) Would you expect the hydrogen sulphide molecule to be linear or non-linear in shape? Justify your answer. d) Hydrogen sulphide has a boiling point of 212.3 K and water has a boiling point of 373 K. Account for the difference in the boiling points of these substances. you expect hydrogen sulphide to be soluble in water? Explain your answer. e) Wouldarrow_forward
- Order the following compounds of a group 14 element and hydrogen from lowest to highest boiling point: CH4, SiH4, GeH4, and SnH4. Explain your reasoning.arrow_forward● Explain why higher average kinetic energy results in higher vapor pressure in terms of IMFs.arrow_forwardThe later halogens form pentafluorides: ClF5, BrF5, andIF5. At 0°C, one of these is a solid, one a liquid, and one agas. Specify which is which, and explain your reasoning.arrow_forward
- Given the information below, calculate the lattice enthalpy for MX(s), where M is a group 1 metal, and X is a group 17 element (standard state: X2(g)). ΔfH°(MX) = -462 kJ mol−1 ΔsubH°(M) = 127 kJ mol−1 D(X2) = 442 kJ mol−1 IE1(M) = 480 kJ mol−1 Eeg1(X) = -142 kJ mol−1 Express your answer to four significant figures. ΔlattH°(MX) = Answer kJ mol−1arrow_forwardArrange the following substances in order of increasing total intermolecular forces between their molecules. ○ | < 1 < ||| OI< | < | ○ | < | < 1 O # < 1< || O | < | < 1 Ol< | < | I OH 11 111 OHarrow_forwardWhich of the following ionic solids would have the largest lattice energy? CaO, Ba0, SrO, Nan0, MgO Answer in no more than two complete sentences. For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac).arrow_forward
- Chemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781133949640Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Chemistry by OpenStax (2015-05-04)ChemistryISBN:9781938168390Author:Klaus Theopold, Richard H Langley, Paul Flowers, William R. Robinson, Mark BlaserPublisher:OpenStaxChemistry for Engineering StudentsChemistryISBN:9781337398909Author:Lawrence S. Brown, Tom HolmePublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781337399074Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage Learning