Chemistry: An Atoms-Focused Approach (Second Edition)
Chemistry: An Atoms-Focused Approach (Second Edition)
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780393614053
Author: Thomas R. Gilbert, Rein V. Kirss, Stacey Lowery Bretz, Natalie Foster
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
Question
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Chapter 11, Problem 11.96QA
Interpretation Introduction

To:

(a) Calculate the empirical formula of xanthotoxin.

(b) Calculate molar mass and molecular formula of xanthotoxin.

Expert Solution & Answer
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 11.96QA

Solution:

(a) Empirical formula of xanthotoxin is C3H2O

(b) Molar mass of xanthotoxin is 215 g/mol and the molecular formula is C12H8O4

 

Explanation of Solution

1) Concept:

Part a) we are calculating the empirical formula using given masses of CO2 and H2O.

Part b) the freezing point depression formula can be used to find number of moles of solute (xanthotoxin).

From moles and given mass in grams, we can find molar mass of xanthotoxin in g/mol. From empirical formula mass and the calculated molar mass, we can find molecular formula for xanthotoxin.

A mole is the SI unit of amount chemical substance. When writing units, it is written as “mol”.

2) Given

Part (a)

i. mass of xanthotoxin=0.0100g

ii. mass of CO2=0.0244 g

iii. mass of H2O=0.00333 g

Part (b)

i. mass of xanthotoxin=0.250 g

ii. mass of solvent=10.0 g

iii. ΔTf=3.460C

iv. Kf=29.8 0C/m

3) Formula

ΔTf=Kf ×i ×m

molality(M)=mol of solutekg of solvent

molar mass=mass in gmol

4) Calculations:

Part a) to find empirical formula of xanthotoxin

Step 1: From the mass of CO2 and H2O produce, we can find moles of C, H and O.

We would use molar mass of CO2 as a conversion factor to find moles of CO2. From moles of CO2, we would find moles of Carbon using the 1:1 mole ratio between the two.

0.0244 CO2  × 1 mol CO244.009 g CO2× 1 mol  C1 mol CO2 =0.00055443 mol C

We would use molar mass of H2O as a conversion factor to find moles of H2O. From moles of H2O we will find moles of H using the 1:2 mole ratios between H2O and H.

0.00333 g H2O ×1 mol H2O18.02 g H2O × 2 mol H1 mol H2O=0.00036958 mol H

We find mass of Oxygen by subtracting mass of C and H from the sample. We use atomic weights of Carbon and Hydrogen to find mass in grams for each.

Mass of Carbon:

0.00055443 mol C × 12.011 g1 mol C= 0.0066592 g C

Mass of Hydrogen:

0.00036958 mol H × 1.0079 g1 mol H= 0.00037249 g H

Combined mass of C and H:

 0.0066592 g C +0.00037249 g H=  0.007031699 g

As xanthotoxin contains only C, H and O, the sum of the masses of C, H and O will be equal to the given mass of xanthotoxin.

Total mass of xanthotoxin=mass of C+mass of H+mass of O

Thus mass of O = Mass of xanthotoxin  combined mass of H and C

Mass of O=0.0100 g-0.007031699 g=0.002968300 g O

Finding moles of O using the atomic weight of O as a conversion factor as follows:

0.002968300 g O  × 1 mol15.998 g O= 0.00018554 mol O

Step 2) Comparing moles of C, H and O, we observe that moles of O are the least. So, atoms of C, H and O are calculated by dividing each of the moles by least amount of moles.

Carbon atoms= 0.00055443 mol C0.00018554 mol O=2.988 ~ 3

Hydrogen atoms= 0.00036958  mol H0.00018554 mol O=1.991 ~ 2

Oxygen atoms= 0.00018554 mol O0.00018554 mol O=1

Thus, the empirical formula for xanthotoxin is C3H2O.

Empirical formula mass for xanthotoxin is:

empirical formula mass of xanthotoxin=3×12.01+2×1.0079+1×15.999=54.04gmol

Part b)

Step 1) As we got that xanthotoxin contains only C, H and O, this suggests that the compound doesn’t dissociate into ions and therefore we can assume the van’t Hoff factor (i) for it as 1.

Tf=Kf × i  × m

3.46 0C=29.8 0C/m×1×m

m=0.1161 m

mass of solvent in kg=10.0 g×1 kg1000 g=0.01 kg

molality=mol of solutekg of solvent

0.1161 m=mol of xanthotoxin0.01 kg

mol of xanthotoxin=0.001161 mol

molar mass of xanthotoxin=0.250  g0.001161 mol=215gmol

Step 2) Finding the molecular formula:

n=molar massempirical formula mass=215.3454.04=4

Where n represents number of formula units in the molecular formula

molecular formula=n×empirical formula

molecular formula=4×C3H2O=C12H8O4

Conclusion:

Freezing point depression is a colligative property which is useful in determining the molecular formula of the solute in a solution. Using stoichiometry between a compound and its constituent elements, one can determine the empirical formula of any substance.

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Chapter 11 Solutions

Chemistry: An Atoms-Focused Approach (Second Edition)

Ch. 11 - Prob. 11.11QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.12QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.13QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.14QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.15QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.16QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.17QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.18QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.19QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.20QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.21QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.22QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.23QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.24QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.25QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.26QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.27QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.28QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.29QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.30QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.31QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.32QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.33QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.34QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.35QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.36QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.37QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.38QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.39QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.40QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.41QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.42QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.43QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.44QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.45QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.46QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.47QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.48QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.49QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.50QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.51QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.52QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.53QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.54QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.55QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.56QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.57QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.58QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.59QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.60QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.61QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.62QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.63QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.64QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.65QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.66QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.67QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.68QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.69QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.70QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.71QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.72QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.73QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.74QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.75QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.76QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.77QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.78QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.79QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.80QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.81QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.82QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.83QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.84QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.85QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.86QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.87QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.88QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.89QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.90QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.91QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.92QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.93QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.94QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.95QACh. 11 - Prob. 11.96QA
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