Concept explainers
a.
To determine: The trend of cigarette smoking among high school students in the time period between 1991-2015.
Introduction: Current smoking is defined as smoking cigarettes on at least one day in the 30 days preceding the survey. The U.S Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducts biennial Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (YRBS) in which the high school students are asked to self-report their risky behaviors such as alcohol consumption and smoking. The results obtained were represented in the form of graphs.
b.
To determine: The high school students that are most likely found to be smokers.
Introduction: The high school students of three different races/ethnicity (white, black, and Hispanic) and gender (males and females) were involved in the study to observe the trend of current smoking between them. The results obtained were represented in the form of a graph.
To determine: The high school students that are least likely found to be smokers.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 11 Solutions
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY: AN INTEG ACCESS C
- A case-control study is conducted to estimate the association between sedentary lifestyle and stroke. Researchers enroll 100 patients who had a stroke in the past year and 400 patients who have never had a stroke. Researchers conclude that the prevalence of stroke in the past year in the population is 20%. This conclusion is: Correct Incorrect because prevalence cannot be estimated from a case-control study Incorrect because the prevalence is 25%arrow_forwardCalculate the age standardized IHD mortality rate using the Standard population. Show all calculations. (See attached image)arrow_forwardA group of 312 heart attack patients who were regular smokers up to the time of their heart attacks were followed for ten years. Among them, 150 patients continued to smoke after their heart attacks and 162 quit after their heart attacks. Of the 150 patients that continued smoking, 54 had a second heart attack during the ten years of follow-up, and of the patients who quit, 28 had a second heart attack during the 10 years of follow-up. Calculate the appropriate measure of association between continued smoking and second heart attack.arrow_forward
- A group of 156 heart attack patients who were regular smokers up to the time of their heart attacks were followed for ten years. Among them, 75 patients continued to smoke after their heart attacks and 81 quit after their heart attacks. Of the 75 patients that continued smoking, 27 had a second heart attack during the ten years of follow-up, and of the patients who quit, 14 had a second heart attack during the 10 years of follow-up. What is the risk ratio for the association between continued smoking and second heart attack? Round to two decimal placesarrow_forwardList two (2) nursing actions that will be included during data collection when working with a client participating in a research study for psychological and behavioral factors linked to heart disease.arrow_forwardThe evidence to support a causal relationship between smoking and ischemic heart disease based on a prospective cohort study is necessary because this design allows for ascertaining the one of the important guidelines to judge causality. reliability who is a smoker temporal relationship (temporality) between smoking and ischemic heart disease ☐ proof of evidencearrow_forward
- Which of these is a state-based telephone survey that attempts to ascertain the prevalence of cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and lack of preventive health care? NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) BRFSS (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System) YRBS (Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System) MMWR (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report)arrow_forwardAn epidemiologist was interested in comparing data provided by mothers about their smoking status during pregnancy on their child’s birth certificate with data on smoking status recorded in their medical record (This is a real study conducted in 1993, name of the author withheld). For this study, we will consider the medical record as the gold standard and the birth certificate to be the imperfect classification scheme. The result is shown in the table below: Medical Record Smoker Non-Smoker Total Birth Certificate Smoker 128 5 133 Nonsmoker 36 465 501 Total 164 470 634 Using the data from this table, compute the sensitivity and specificity of smoking status as reported on the birth certificate. 2. What are your observations concerning the true smokers and the true non-smokers? 3. What feasible methods would you employ to reduce the misclassification of exposure among…arrow_forwardPhysically active has been identified by the WHO as the fourth leading risk factor to global mortality? True or Falsearrow_forward
- Table 12.3.2 Percentage of 13-15-year-olds who were using tobacco products at the time of the survey. Country and year of survey Percentage of all respondents who use tobacco Percentage of boys who use tobacco Percentage of girls who use tobacco Antigua and Barbuda (2009) 20.1 24.3 15.9 Barbados (2007) 28.6 34.5 23.2 Dominica (2009) 25.3 30.4 19.8 Grenada (2009) 20.5 24.5 16.7 Jamaica (2010) 28.7 31.3 24.6 St. Kitts and Nevis (2010) 9.2 10.4 13.6 St. Lucia (2007) 17.9 22.4 14.5 St. Vincent and the Grenadines (2007) 19.1 22.0 16.6 Trinidad and Tobago (2007) 19.9 20.8 17.8 Reginal Average (Mean) 23.2 25.7 19.7 Table 12.3.3 Percentage of 13-15-year-olds smokers who had their first smoke before the age of ten. Country Annual Survey Percentage of boys Percentage of girls Antigua and Barbuda (2009) 24.6 35.5 Barbados (2007) 33.1 29.3 Dominica (2009)…arrow_forwardState a claim about a concern that is a problem. USE EVIDENCE FROM THE GRAPH TO SUPPORT YOUR CLAIM.arrow_forward1) Calculate the incidence rate/density of developing ADHD in the 2010-2011 school year using information from the schematic above. Please report the rate per 1000 student-years (10 months = 1 student year), using two decimal places. --> Using the first picture with the 2010 School Year (Sept-June) 2) Calculate the number of individuals still at risk after each school year ends and the annual incidence for each study year using the information in the table above. Use two decimal points for your incidence calculation. Fill in the table above where there are question marks, but be sure to show your work below. (Hint: Think carefully about the denominator and the timing of being at-risk --> second picture Thank you so much for the help! Any work shown to understand each step would be appreciated!arrow_forward
- Case Studies In Health Information ManagementBiologyISBN:9781337676908Author:SCHNERINGPublisher:CengageNutrition Through The Life CycleHealth & NutritionISBN:9781337919333Author:Brown, Judith E.Publisher:Cengage Learning,