HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY: AN INTEG ACCESS C
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780134714837
Author: Silverthorn
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 11, Problem 5RQ
Neurons that secrete acetylcholine are described as ____ neurons, whereas those that secrete norepinephrine are called either ____ or ____ neurons.
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Neurons that secrete acetylcholine are described as
neurons, whereas
those that secrete norepinephrine are called
neurons.
Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's disease is a neurological degenerative disorder that affects movement. Most people affected with Parkinson's disease demonstrate rigidity, slow movement, and shaking. The symptoms of Parkinson's disease occur when the cells that produce dopamine neurotransmitters die in the brain.
Since most symptoms of Parkinson's disease are caused by insufficient dopamine in the brain, many Parkinson's drugs either temporarily replenish dopamine or mimic the action of dopamine.
Explain how the signal transmission at a synapse in an individual with Parkinson's disease is different than an unaffected individual.
1. List the steps involved in an action potential moving from the axon terminal of the pre-synaptic neuron to the dendrites of the post-synaptic neuron.
2. Explain how the process is different in individuals affected with Parkinson's disease.
Spastic paralysis (resulting from the failure of muscles to relax), induced by the neurotoxin strychnine, occurs when this poison blocks the binding of:
the excitatory neurotransmitter acetylcholine to post-synaptic sodium channels
the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to post-synaptic calcium channels
the excitatory neurotransmitter serotonin to post-synaptic potassium channels
the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine to post-synaptic chloride channels
the inhibitory neurotransmitter melatonin to post-synaptic bicarbonate channels
Chapter 11 Solutions
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY: AN INTEG ACCESS C
Ch. 11.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 11.1 - The central nervous system consists of the...Ch. 11.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 11.1 - A nerve that carries both sensory and motor...Ch. 11.1 - Prob. 5CCCh. 11.1 - In what organelle is most intracellular Ca2+...Ch. 11.1 - Prob. 7CCCh. 11.1 - Prob. 8CCCh. 11.1 - Prob. 9CCCh. 11.2 - Prob. 10CC
Ch. 11.2 - Compare gating and ion selectivity of...Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 12CCCh. 11 - Prob. 1RQCh. 11 - Prob. 2RQCh. 11 - Prob. 3RQCh. 11 - Prob. 4RQCh. 11 - Neurons that secrete acetylcholine are described...Ch. 11 - List four things that can happen to autonomic...Ch. 11 - Prob. 7RQCh. 11 - Prob. 8RQCh. 11 - Somatic motor pathways a. are excitatory or...Ch. 11 - Prob. 10RQCh. 11 - Prob. 11RQCh. 11 - Compare and contrast: a. neuroeffector junctions...Ch. 11 - Prob. 13RQCh. 11 - Create a concept map comparing the somatic motor...Ch. 11 - If a target cells receptor is _______ (use items...Ch. 11 - Ganglia contain the cell bodies of (choose all...Ch. 11 - Prob. 17RQCh. 11 - You have discovered a neuron that innervates an...Ch. 11 - Prob. 19RQCh. 11 - Prob. 20RQ
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- Assume presynaptic excitatory neuron A terminates on a postsynaptic cell near the axon hillock and presynaptic excitatory neuron B terminates on the same postsynaptic cell on a dendrite located on the side of the cell body opposite the axon hillock. Explain why rapid firing of presynaptic neuron A could bring the postsynaptic neuron to threshold through temporal summation, thus initiating an action potential, whereas firing of presynaptic neuron B at the same frequency and the same magnitude of EPSPs may not bring the postsynaptic neuron to threshold.arrow_forwardMonoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are drugs that inhibit MAO, the enzyme which normally would break down dopamine. If a patient were taking MAOIs, would you expect postsynaptic neurons that normally receive a dopamine signal to be more or less active?arrow_forwardParkinson's Disease Parkinson's disease is neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement. Most people affected with Parkinson's disease demonstrate rigidity, slow movement, and shaking. The symptoms of Parkinson's disease occur when the cells that produce dopamine neurotransmitters die in the brain. Explain how the signal transmission at a synapse in an individual with Parkinson's disease is different than an unaffected individual. Describe the normal process of signal transmission at a synapse. Start with the arrival of an action potential at the axon terminal and include the name of the neurotransmitter that is affected by Parkinson's disease. Explain how the process is different in individuals affected with Parkinson's disease.arrow_forward
- Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disorder that causes the destruction of myelin sheaths surrounding neurons. People with MS display many symptoms, including slurred speech, double vision, and poor muscle coordination. What is the direct effect of MS on nerve impulse transmission? Select one: The movement of impulses along neurons is slower than normal. Dendrites cannot be stimulated by acetylcholine, therefore impulses are not generated in neurons. The threshold level of stimulation for neurons is greater than normal. Axons cannot sectete acetylcholine, therefore impulses are not able to travel across synapses. Oarrow_forwardI have stimulated a neuron with dopamine for a second followed by treating it with cocaine and calcium chelating agent (which chelates out all calcium from the system making them unavailable for function), what will be the effect of such impulse on generating an action potential in the post-synaptic neuron? Will it be different if I pretreat the set of nerve cells with cocaine and calcium chelating agent followed by stimulating the neuron with dopamine? Justify your answer with proper reasoning in brief.arrow_forwardAn action potential has reached the axon terminal of a presynaptic cell. As a result of the action potential you would expect the movement of __________ into the presynaptic cell and the movement of __________ out of the presynaptic cell. Calcium : neurotransmitter Sodium : calcium Neurotransmitter : calcium Sodium : neurotransmitterarrow_forward
- What would happen if there is an increase of acetylcholine and serotonin receptor activation in the body?arrow_forwardA neuron releases an excitatory neurotransmitter. Some neurons are stimulated and some are not. How is it possible that the same signal activates one neuron and not the other?arrow_forwardDraw a chain of two neurons that synapse on one another in sequence. Label the presynaptic and postsynaptic ends of each neuron, the cell bodies, dendrites, axons, axon hillock and axon terminals, location of voltage gated Ca²+ channels, location of voltage gated Na+ channels, location of voltage gated K* channels, location of Na*/ K+ pumps, location of neurotransmitter storage, location of neurotransmitter receptors. Consider your drawing and describe the function of neurons. Include an explanation why neurons are considered polarized cells and how this relates to their function. (Polarized here is not referring to membrane potential as all cells have a membrane potential). This means you will need to explain the location of different channels in the neuron and the relationship of the channels to the function of a neuron.arrow_forward
- Neuroactive drugs, such as the antidepressant fluoxetine, function by affecting the metabolism of the brain. After the neurotransmitter serotonin has crossed the syrupse and attached to the post- synaptic neuron, the serotonin is normally reabsorbed by the pre-synaptic neuron. Fluoxetine inhibits the reuptake of serotonin. allowing it to remain in the synapse much longer than normal A Synapse O a. Z O b. Y с. Х d. W W- Fluoxetine inhibits the process above labelled... Nerve impulsearrow_forwardNeurotransmitters are synthesized in____________ and are stored in _____________ .arrow_forwardIf two action potentials from two different presynaptic nerve cells reach the target cell at the same time ... Group of answer options ... temporal summation occurs. ... spatial summation takes place. . .. an IPSP is formed. ... an EPSP is formed.arrow_forward
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