Human Anatomy & Physiology
1st Edition
ISBN: 9780805382952
Author: Erin C. Amerman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 11, Problem 9CYR
Identify the following as properties of electrical synapses (ES), chemical synapses (CS), or both (B).
a. _________ The plasma membranes of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons are joined by gap junctions.
b. _________ Transmission is unidirectional and delayed.
c. _________ A presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron are involved.
d. _________ The use of neurotransmitters packaged into synaptic vesicles is required.
e. _________ Transmission is nearly instantaneous and bidirectional.
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Identify the following as properties of electrical synapses (ES), chemical synapses (CS), or both (B). a. _____ The plasma membranes of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons are joined by gap junctions. b. _____ Transmission is unidirectional and delayed. c. _____ A presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron are involved. d. _____ The use of neurotransmitters packaged into synaptic vesicles is required. e. _____ Transmission is nearly instantaneous and bidirection
Sequence the following list of events of a neuronal action potential by placing 1 next to the first event, 2 next to the second event, and so on. a. _____ The activation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels open, Na+ flood the cytoplasm, and depolarization occurs. b. _____ K+ continue to flow out of the axon until the membrane is hyperpolarized. c. _____ Local potentials cause the membrane to depolarize to threshold. d. _____ The inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels close as voltage-gated K+ channels open, K+ begin to exit the axon, and repolarization begins. e. _____ Repolarization continues and Na+ channels return to resting
list at least eight ways in which the effectiveness of synapses may be altered and explain each point
Chapter 11 Solutions
Human Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 11.1 - What are the organs of the CNS?Ch. 11.1 - Prob. 2QCCh. 11.1 - Describe the sensory, integrative, and motor...Ch. 11.1 - 4. What are the differences between the somatic...Ch. 11.1 - How does the somatic motor division of the PNS...Ch. 11.2 - What are the functions of the cell body,...Ch. 11.2 - What are the structural differences between...Ch. 11.2 - What are the functional differences between...Ch. 11.2 - What are the functions of astrocytes?Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 5QC
Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 6QCCh. 11.2 - 7. What is the function of the myelin sheath?
Ch. 11.2 - How does the myelin sheath differ in the CNS and...Ch. 11.2 - Are neurons more likely to regenerate in the CNS...Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 10QCCh. 11.3 - 1. What is the resting membrane potential?
Ch. 11.3 - Prob. 2QCCh. 11.3 - What two factors generate the resting membrane...Ch. 11.3 - Prob. 4QCCh. 11.3 - Prob. 5QCCh. 11.3 - In and around the axon, where is the higher...Ch. 11.3 - What is the resting membrane potential, and what...Ch. 11.3 - Prob. 8QCCh. 11.3 - Prob. 9QCCh. 11.3 - Prob. 10QCCh. 11.3 - What takes place during the depolarization phase...Ch. 11.3 - 7. What must be reached in order for...Ch. 11.3 - 8. What takes place during the repolarization and...Ch. 11.3 - 9. What are the absolute and relative refractory...Ch. 11.3 - 10. How do local potentials and action potentials...Ch. 11.3 - Which is useful for long-distance signaling, and...Ch. 11.3 - 12. How is an action potential propagated down an...Ch. 11.3 - Prob. 18QCCh. 11.4 - What are three locations where presynaptic axons...Ch. 11.4 - Define synaptic transmission.Ch. 11.4 - Prob. 3QCCh. 11.4 - Prob. 4QCCh. 11.4 - Prob. 5QCCh. 11.4 - Prob. 6QCCh. 11.4 - Prob. 7QCCh. 11.5 - Prob. 1QCCh. 11.5 - Prob. 2QCCh. 11.5 - Prob. 3QCCh. 11.5 - Prob. 4QCCh. 11.5 - Prob. 5QCCh. 11.6 - 1. Why are neurons organized into neuronal...Ch. 11.6 - Prob. 2QCCh. 11.6 - 3. What mechanisms stabilize neural circuits?
Ch. 11 - Which of the following statements about the...Ch. 11 - 2. Regulation of heart rate, blood pressure, and...Ch. 11 - Match each type of neuroglial cell with its...Ch. 11 - Prob. 4CYRCh. 11 - Prob. 5CYRCh. 11 - Prob. 6CYRCh. 11 - 7. Fill in the blanks: The _______is the period of...Ch. 11 - With respect to the condition of action...Ch. 11 - 9. Identify the following as properties of...Ch. 11 - The trigger for exocytosis of synaptic vesicles...Ch. 11 - Match the following neurotransmitters with their...Ch. 11 - 12. Which of the following is not a method by...Ch. 11 - 13. A ________is characterized by multiple input...Ch. 11 - Mark the following statements as true or false. If...Ch. 11 -
15. Mark the following statements as true or...Ch. 11 - Sequence the following list of events of a...Ch. 11 - 16. Mark the following statements as true or...Ch. 11 - 1. A drug that blocks channels in neurons does so...Ch. 11 - Prob. 2CYUCh. 11 - What conditions must be met for an axon to...Ch. 11 - 4. Explain how an action potential is propagated...Ch. 11 - Prob. 1AYKACh. 11 - 2. During a surgical procedure, an...Ch. 11 - Albert accidentally ingests the poison...Ch. 11 - 4. Albert, the patient in question 3, takes the...Ch. 11 - Predict the effect that tetrodotoxin would have on...Ch. 11 - Explain what would happen if depolarization of the...
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- Mark the following statements as true or false. If a statement if false, correct it to make a true statement. a. An excitatory postsynaptic potential is caused by K+ or Clchannels opening in the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron. b. Postsynaptic potentials may summate by spatial summation in which multiple neurons fire onto a single postsynaptic neuron. c. An inhibitory postsynaptic potential causes the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron to approach threshold. d. Spatial summation can combine two EPSPs, two IPSPs, or an EPSP and an IPSParrow_forwardDiscuss the activity, structures and chemicals of both the neural axon and receptor. And a discussion about the synapse should begin with a definition and a comparison of the two categories.arrow_forwardIn the hippocampus, when glutatmate is released into the synaptic cleft, but the postsynaptic cell is NOT depolarized, there is only a small postsynaptic response. Why is this the case? A. Ca++ ions block the NMDA ion channel B. Mg++ ions block the NMDA ion channel C. Glutamate is an inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter D. There are no NMDA receptors on the postsynaptic cellarrow_forward
- Because the long axons of neurons look like electrical wires, and both neurons and electrical wires conduct electricity, it is tempting to equate the two. Compare and contrast the functioning of axons and electrical wires in terms of their structure and the nature of the electrical signals they conduct. Please include references.arrow_forwardInhibitory postsynaptic potentials cause what type of change at the post-synaptic membrane?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is the role of axonal Calcium (Ca2+) channels in neuronal communication at the synapse? a) they inhibit the action potential causing it to stop b) Calcium channels have no role in this process c) by allowing calcium to exit the cell, they promote the propagation of action potential across the synapse by creating depolarization d) by blocking calcium entrance, they mediate the contraction of presynaptic axon to facilitate movement e) when they open, calcium enters the presynaptic terminal, promoting fusion of neurotransmitter vesicles with presynaptic membrane, and release of neurotransmitters to the synaptic cleftarrow_forward
- Describe mechanisms by which synaptic transmission is rapidly stopped. Why is it important that transmission be stopped?arrow_forwardwhich one of the following statements is incorrect? a. temporal summation occurs when a single synaptic input is activated twice in succession, with the second postsynaptic potential occurring before the first postsynaptic potential is over. b. blocking voltage-gated k* channels in the presynaptic membrane of a typical chemical synapse is likely to reduce the amount of neurotransmitter released in response to a single action potential in the presynaptic axon. c. in the optic tectum of the hunting rattlesnake, spatial summation is used to combine inputs from visual and thermoreceptive layers in order to make a decision whether to strike at a mouse-like object. d. a single type of neurotransmitter can have different postsynaptic actions depending on the type of receptor to which it binds.arrow_forwardCharge from depolarization along the axon reaches the axon terminal, but there is a lack of neurotransmitter release. Which of the following would cause this? Group of answer choices A. Lack of Na+ in the synaptic cleft B. Lack of Ca2+ in the synaptic cleft C. Reduced amount of K+ at the axon terminal D. Lack of voltage-gated sodium channels in the axon terminalarrow_forward
- In which of these ways does a metabotropic synapse differ from an ionotropic synapse? a. Its effects are slower to start and last longer. b. Its effects are faster to start and last longer. c. Its effects are slower to start and briefer in duration. d. Its effects are faster to start and briefer in duration.arrow_forwarda.Would an action potential travels faster in an axon with a wide diameter or a small diameter? b. Would an action potential travel faster in an axon that is myelinated or unmyelinated?arrow_forwardWhat are the criteria for identification of the neurotransmitter at a particular synapse? Which two criteria are sufficient to conclude that a candidate substance is a neurotransmitter?arrow_forward
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