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Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The molecular structure of the given molecule containing multiple bonds by using VSEPR theory is to be predicted.
Concept Introduction:
VSEPR theory is an important model that is frequently used in chemistry to decide the shape and geometry of the molecules. VSEPR model is the extension of Lewis model as the Lewis model is not able to explain the shape of the molecules. In terms of electron density it is given that both the bonding electrons as well as lone pair of electrons holds the shape of the molecule.
The shape in VSEPR model gives specific angles between the bonds for the corresponding shape and these angles are known as bond angles.
(b)
Interpretation:
The molecular structure of the given molecule containing multiple bonds by using VSEPR theory is to be predicted.
Concept Introduction:
VSEPR theory is an important model that is frequently used in chemistry to decide the shape and geometry of the molecules. VSEPR model is the extension of Lewis model as the Lewis model is not able to explain the shape of the molecules. In terms of electron density it is given that both the bonding electrons as well as lone pair of electrons holds the shape of the molecule.
The shape in VSEPR model gives specific angles between the bonds for the corresponding shape and these angles are known as bond angles.
(c)
Interpretation:
The molecular structure of the given ion containing multiple bonds by using VSEPR theory is to be predicted.
Concept Introduction:
VSEPR theory is an important model that is frequently used in chemistry to decide the shape and geometry of the molecules. VSEPR model is the extension of Lewis model as the Lewis model is not able to explain the shape of the molecules. In terms of electron density it is given that both the bonding electrons as well as lone pair of electrons holds the shape of the molecule.
The shape in VSEPR model gives specific angles between the bonds for the corresponding shape and these angles are known as bond angles.
(d)
Interpretation:
The molecular structure of the given molecule containing multiple bonds by using VSEPR theory is to be predicted.
Concept Introduction:
VSEPR theory is an important model that is frequently used in chemistry to decide the shape and geometry of the molecules. VSEPR model is the extension of Lewis model as the Lewis model is not able to explain the shape of the molecules. In terms of electron density it is given that both the bonding electrons as well as lone pair of electrons holds the shape of the molecule.
The shape in VSEPR model gives specific angles between the bonds for the corresponding shape and these angles are known as bond angles.
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Chapter 12 Solutions
Lab Manual for Zumdahl/DeCoste's Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation, 8th
- What is meant by a chemical bond? Why do atoms form bonds with each other? Why do some elements exist as molecules in nature instead of as free atoms?arrow_forwardBond Enthalpy When atoms of the hypothetical element X are placed together, they rapidly undergo reaction to form the X2 molecule: X(g)+X(g)X2(g) a Would you predict that this reaction is exothermic or endothermic? Explain. b Is the bond enthalpy of X2 a positive or a negative quantity? Why? c Suppose H for the reaction is 500 kJ/mol. Estimate the bond enthalpy of the X2 molecule. d Another hypothetical molecular compound, Y2(g), has a bond enthalpy of 750 kJ/mol, and the molecular compound XY(g) has a bond enthalpy of 1500 kJ/mol. Using bond enthalpy information, calculate H for the following reaction. X2(g)+Y2(g)2XY(g) e Given the following information, as well as the information previously presented, predict whether or not the hypothetical ionic compound AX is likely to form. In this compound, A forms the A+ cation, and X forms the X anion. Be sure to justify your answer. Reaction: A(g)+12X2(g)AX(s)The first ionization energy of A(g) is 400 kJ/mol. The electron affinity of X(g) is 525 kJ/mol. The lattice energy of AX(s) is 100 kJ/mol. f If you predicted that no ionic compound would form from the reaction in Part e, what minimum amount of AX(s) lattice energy might lead to compound formation?arrow_forwardExplain the terms resonance and delocalized electrons. When a substance exhibits resonance, we say that none of the individual Lewis structures accurately portrays the bonding in the substance. Why do we draw resonance structures?arrow_forward
- The most common exceptions to the octet rule are compounds or ions with central atoms having more than eight electrons around them. PF5, SF4, CIF3, and Br3 are examples of this type of exception. Draw the Lewis structure for these compounds or ions. Which elements, when they have to, can have more than eight electrons around them? How is this rationalized?arrow_forwardIn Section 12.10 of your text, the term “effective pairs" is used. What does this mean?arrow_forwardLewis structures can be used to understand why some molecules react in certain ways. Write the Lewis structures for the reactants and products in the reactions described below. a. Nitrogen dioxide dimerizes to produce dinitrogen tetroxide. b. Boron trihydride accepts a pair of electrons from ammonia, forming BH3NH3. Give a possible explanation for why these two reactions occur.arrow_forward
- hy do atoms form bonds with one another? What can make a molecule favored compared with the lone atoms?arrow_forwardWrite the Lewis structure for the diatomic molecule P2, an unstable form of phosphorus found in high temperature phosphorus vapor.arrow_forwardWrite Lewis structures and predict the molecular structures of the following. (See Exercises 25 and 26.) a. OCl2, KrF2, BeH2, SO2 b. SO3, NF3, TF3 c. CF4 SeF4, KrF4 d. IF5, AsF5 Which of these compounds are polar?arrow_forward
- Define the term lattice energy. Why, energetically, do ionic compounds form? Fig. 3-8 illustrates the energy changes involved in the formation of MgO(s) and NaF(s). Why is the lattice energy of MgO(s) so different from that of NaF(s)? The magnesium oxide is composed of Mg2+ and O2 ions. Energetically, why does Mg2+O2 form and not Mg+O? Why doesnt Mg3+O3 form?arrow_forwarda Carbonyl fluoride, COF2, is an extremely poisonous gas used in organofluorine synthesis. Give the valence bond description of the carbonyl fluoride molecule. (Both fluorine atoms are attached to the carbon atom.) b Nitrogen, N2, makes up about 80% of the earths atmosphere. Give the valence bond description of this molecule.arrow_forwardExplain formation of covalent bonds in the following chemical compounds (using three theories). SO? · HF CC4. C:BrzH2 . H2 CO3.arrow_forward
- Chemistry: An Atoms First ApproachChemistryISBN:9781305079243Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. ZumdahlPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry by OpenStax (2015-05-04)ChemistryISBN:9781938168390Author:Klaus Theopold, Richard H Langley, Paul Flowers, William R. Robinson, Mark BlaserPublisher:OpenStax
- ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage LearningIntroductory Chemistry: A FoundationChemistryISBN:9781337399425Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning
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