Evolution
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781605356051
Author: Douglas Futuyma, Mark Kirkpatrick
Publisher: SINAUER
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Chapter 12, Problem 2PDT
Summary Introduction
To determine: The two hypothesis in view of Darwin’s logic, that why egrets perform behavior of chicks ejection from nests that benefit alligators.
Introduction: According to Darwin’s logic of natural selection, natural selection would not allow the evolution of a particular trait that will benefit another species at a fitness expense to the first species.
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Darwin’s finches have different beaks in terms of size and shape to be able to eat different food sources like insects, nectar, and seeds. Cactus finches have longer, more pointed beaks to probe cactus flowers compared to their relatives, the ground finches.
If a plant disease killed a large portion of the cacti on the Galapagos islands, what would the future populations of finches look like in terms of beak size and shape? Use your knowledge of natural selection to determine which option is most likely.
Ground finches would survive and pass on their shorter and wider beaks, so there would be a higher proportion of finches in future generations that have short and wide beaks.
Ground finches would survive and pass on their beaks, but they would mate with the remaining cactus finches, creating a new hybrid that is somewhere between short versus long and narrow versus wide.
Cactus finches would compete for food with ground finches and exhibit resource partitioning, so the beaks…
Darwin was not the first to propose a mechanism for evolution. Lamarck proposed “acquired inheritance” in which individuals inherit those traits acquired in the lifetime of their parents (e.g., long necks). Compare Lamark’s mechanism to Darwin’s mechanism for evolution (descent with modification). As part of your answer describe how each theory is similar to the other and how each is different? Finally, Lamarck’s theory can be easily shown to be unworkable (e.g., amputees don’t have babies that are amputees meaning babies don’t inherit the acquired trait). What makes Darwin’s theory workable when compared to Lamarck’s unworkable theory.
According to Darwin’s model of evolution, evolution can only occur if there is some variation present among the individual members of a population. Which statement best describes the source of this variation among members of a species?
A) variation exists because different individuals will have different access to food and other resources
B) individuals will vary depending on geography and climate
C) variation exists because not all genes will be affected
D) variation among individuals may arise as a result of mutations in the genetic code
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- . The images below show two separate theories of how organisms evolve. Which question below directly corresponds to whether Lamarck or Darwin are correct about their theories of the mechanisms of evolution? Why don’t the shorter neck giraffes feed on grasses and lower vegetation? How would the shorter necked giraffes in Lamarck’s theory survive to reproduce and pass on the “need” for longer necks if they were unable to reach food? Why won’t the taller necked giraffes in Darwin’s theory provide assistance to the shorter giraffes since they are the same species? Will the smaller giraffes be more adapted to hide from predators since they wouldn’t be visible from greater distances?arrow_forwardIf natural selection has no foresight,how can it explain features that seem to prepare organisms for future events? For example, deciduous trees at high latitudes drop their leaves before winter arrives, male birds establish territories before females arrive in the spring, and animals such as squirrels and jays store food as winter approaches.arrow_forwardAccording to Darwin’s model of evolution, evolution can only occur if there is some variation present among the individual members of a population. Which statement best describes the source of this variation among members of a species? A) individuals will vary depending on geography and climate B) variation exists because not all genes will be expressed C) variation among individuals may arise as a result of mutations in the genetic code D) variation exists because different individuals will have different access to food and other resourcesarrow_forward
- Members of some species will sound warning calls when they notice predators even though this increases the likelihood the predator will find the individual that provided the alarm. The evolution of such behaviors provides evidence for which hypothesis? A. Evolution selects behaviors that increase the ability of individuals in a species to camouflage. B. Evolution selects behaviors that increase the likelihood that individuals in a species will reproduce. C. Evolution selects behaviors that increase the the likelihood that individuals in a species that share similar genes will survive and reproduce. D. Evolution selects behaviors that increase the likelihood that individuals in a species that share similar genes will migrate.arrow_forwardWhile the French biologist LaMarck was correct in proposing that evolution does occur, he believed that the long necks of giraffes evolved as generations of giraffes reached for ever higher leaves on the trees. Using these observations, LaMarck proposed the theory that evolution occurs due to the inheritance of characteristics acquired during an organism’s lifetime. From what you know about the scientific method, why is this incorrect?arrow_forwardAccording to Darwin, why do certain traits become more common in a population over time? (Hint- consider why dome-shaped tortoises are found in Isabella Island but not in Hood Island)arrow_forward
- Of the following, which one is an example of an evolutionary explanation (as opposed to a functional explanation)?A. People evolved a fear of snakes because many snakes are dangerous.B. Humans have a (tiny) tailbone because our ancient monkey-like ancestors had a tail.C. People evolved an ability to recognize faces because that ability is essential for cooperative social behaviors.D. People evolved a tendency to form long-term male–female bonds because human infants benefit from the help of two parents during their long period of dependence.arrow_forwardWhich sequence of events in human evolution is most widely accepted? A. increase in brain size, tool-use, bipedalism, movement out of Africa B. tool-use, bipedalism, increase in brain size, use of fire C. bipedalism, increase in brain size, tool-use D. tool-use, use of fire, increase in brain size E. bipedalism, tool-use, increase in brain size How do we know that the footprints discovered by Mary Leakey’s team at the site of Laetoli are those of bipedal hominids? A. There is no evidence of a divergent big toe B. The stride width and length were similar to modern humans C. There is evidence of an arch D. all of these E. A and C only Which of the following were the first to arrive to the Western Hemisphere? A. Modern Homo sapiens B. Archaic Homo sapiens C. Homo erectus D. Neanderthalsarrow_forwardOne of the lines of evidence that led Darwin to the theory of natural selection was his study of artificial selection. Plant breeders and pigeon breeders select offspring with specific traits in mind beforehand. a) However, since humans are an integral part of the natural world, do you think that artificial selection might be more appropriately termed “natural selection”? Why?arrow_forward
- Consider Lamarck’s idea in a hypothetical situation. For example, you decided that when you have children, you want them to be big ang strong. You decided to go to the gym every day for a year. You did all your exercise routines diligently and you were able to develop really bulky and toned muscles because you believed that your kids would inherit your big impressive muscles. Do you think this would work? Justify your answer using the concepts you have learned from Genetics, as well as Darwin’s concept of evolution.arrow_forwardHow do populations grow in size? How does Darwin explain this? If you wish you may include a diagram.arrow_forwardIn your own words, how does Competition and selection support natural selection? Use at least 1 example from the Beaks of Finches lab in your answer.arrow_forward
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