Conceptual Integrated Science
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780135197394
Author: Hewitt, Paul G., LYONS, Suzanne, (science Teacher), Suchocki, John, Yeh, Jennifer (jennifer Jean)
Publisher: PEARSON EDUCATION (COLLEGE)
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Textbook Question
Chapter 12, Problem 4RAT
In terms of the periodic table, is there an abrupt or gradual change between ionic and covalent bonds?
(a) | An abrupt change occurs across the metalloids. |
(b) | Actually, any element of the periodic table can form a covalent bond. |
(c) | There is a gradual change: the farther apart the elements, the more ionic. |
(d) | Whether an element forms an ionic or a covalent bond depends on nuclear charge, not on the relative positions in the periodic table. |
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In this problem you will model the mixing energy of a mixture in a relatively simple way, in order to relate the existence of a solubility gap to molecular behavior. Consider a mixture of A and B molecules that is ideal in every way but one: The potential energy due to the interaction of neighboring molecules depends upon whether the molecules are like or unlike. Let n be the average number of nearest neighbors of any given molecule (perhaps 6 or 8 or 10). Let Uo be the average potential energy associated with the interaction between neighboring molecules that are the same (A-A or B-B), and let UAB be the potential energy associated with the interaction of a neighboring unlike pair (A-B). There are no interactions beyond the range of the nearest neighbors; the values of Uo and UAB are independent of the amounts of A and B; and the entropy of mixing is the same as for an ideal solution.
Show that when the system is unmixed, the total potential energy due to all neighbor-neighbor…
In this problem you will model the mixing energy of a mixture in a relatively simple way, in order to relate the existence of a solubility gap to molecular behavior. Consider a mixture of A and B molecules that is ideal in every way but one: The potential energy due to the interaction of neighboring molecules depends upon whether the molecules are like or unlike. Let n be the average number of nearest neighbors of any given molecule (perhaps 6 or 8 or 10). Let Uo be the average potential energy associated with the interaction between neighboring molecules that are the same (A-A or B-B), and let UAB be the potential energy associated with the interaction of a neighboring unlike pair (A-B). There are no interactions beyond the range of the nearest neighbors; the values of Uo and UAB are independent of the amounts of A and B; and the entropy of mixing is the same as for an ideal solution.
Find a formula for the total potential energy when the system is mixed, in terms of x, the fraction…
Chapter 12 Solutions
Conceptual Integrated Science
Ch. 12 - How many electrons can occupy the first shell? How...Ch. 12 - Which electrons are represented by an electron-dot...Ch. 12 - Prob. 3RCCCh. 12 - How does an ion differ from an atom?Ch. 12 - To become a negative ion, does an atom lose or...Ch. 12 - Prob. 6RCCCh. 12 - Prob. 7RCCCh. 12 - Prob. 8RCCCh. 12 - Prob. 9RCCCh. 12 - Prob. 10RCC
Ch. 12 - Prob. 11RCCCh. 12 - Prob. 12RCCCh. 12 - Why do nonpolar substances boil at relatively low...Ch. 12 - Which has a greater degree of symmetry-a polar...Ch. 12 - Why dont oil and water mix?Ch. 12 - Prob. 16RCCCh. 12 - What is a hydrogen bond?Ch. 12 - Are induced dipoles permanent?Ch. 12 - What happens to the volume of a sugar solution as...Ch. 12 - Prob. 20RCCCh. 12 - Is concentration typically given with the volume...Ch. 12 - Why does the solubility of a gas solute in a...Ch. 12 - Why do sugar crystals dissolve faster when...Ch. 12 - Is sugar a polar or nonpolar substance?Ch. 12 - Do metals more readily gain or lose electrons?Ch. 12 - What is an alloy?Ch. 12 - What is a native metal?Ch. 12 - Prob. 28TISCh. 12 - Prob. 29TISCh. 12 - How is a solution different from a suspension?Ch. 12 - Prob. 36TCCh. 12 - Prob. 37TCCh. 12 - Rank the following in order of increasing...Ch. 12 - Rank the following in order of decreasing boiling...Ch. 12 - Rank these solutions in order of increasing...Ch. 12 - Rank the following compounds in order of...Ch. 12 - Prob. 42TSCh. 12 - Prob. 43TSCh. 12 - Prob. 44TSCh. 12 - How much sodium chloride, in grams, is needed to...Ch. 12 - If water is added to 1mole of sodium chloride in a...Ch. 12 - Prob. 47TECh. 12 - Prob. 48TECh. 12 - How many more electrons can fit within the valence...Ch. 12 - Prob. 50TECh. 12 - What happens when hydrogens electron gets close to...Ch. 12 - Why does an atom with few valence electrons tend...Ch. 12 - Why it is so easy for a magnesium atom to lose two...Ch. 12 - Why doesnt the neon atom tend to lose or gain any...Ch. 12 - Sulfuric acid, H2SO4, loses two protons to form...Ch. 12 - Prob. 56TECh. 12 - Which should be more difficult to pull apart: a...Ch. 12 - Given that the total number of atoms on our planet...Ch. 12 - Prob. 59TECh. 12 - Two fluorine atoms join together to form a...Ch. 12 - How are metallic bonds similar to ionic bonds? How...Ch. 12 - What drives an atom to form a covalent bond: its...Ch. 12 - Atoms of nonmetallic elements form covalent bonds,...Ch. 12 - Prob. 64TECh. 12 - Prob. 65TECh. 12 - Prob. 66TECh. 12 - In each molecule, which atom carries the greater...Ch. 12 - Which is more polar: a sulfur-bromineS-Br bond or...Ch. 12 - True or False: The greater the nuclear charge of...Ch. 12 - True or False: The more shells in an atom, the...Ch. 12 - Water, H2O, and methane, CH4, have about the same...Ch. 12 - Circle the molecule from each pair that should...Ch. 12 - Three kids sitting equally apart around a table...Ch. 12 - Why is the oxygen atom of a water molecule...Ch. 12 - Look to the molecules listed in Table 12.2. How...Ch. 12 - Which is stronger: the covalent bond that holds...Ch. 12 - The charges with sodium chloride are all...Ch. 12 - Prob. 78TECh. 12 - Prob. 79TECh. 12 - Why is calcium fluoride, CaF2, a high melting...Ch. 12 - Of the two structures shown here, one is a typical...Ch. 12 - Mixtures can be separated into their components by...Ch. 12 - Why cant the elements of a compound be separated...Ch. 12 - Many dry cereals are fortified with iron, which is...Ch. 12 - Classify the following as element, compound, or...Ch. 12 - Which of the following boxes best represents a...Ch. 12 - Which is more dense: air saturated with water...Ch. 12 - How many sugar molecules are there in a 2M sugar...Ch. 12 - Prob. 89TECh. 12 - Which should weigh more: 100mL of fresh water or...Ch. 12 - Prob. 91TECh. 12 - The boiling point of 1, 4-butanediol is 230C....Ch. 12 - Based on atomic size, which would you expect to be...Ch. 12 - If nitrogen, N2, were pumped into your lungs at...Ch. 12 - Prob. 95TECh. 12 - Account for the observation that ethanol, C2H5OH,...Ch. 12 - At 10C, which is more concentrated: a saturated...Ch. 12 - Why is rain or snow called precipitation?Ch. 12 - Hydrogen chloride HCl is a gas at room...Ch. 12 - Some bottled water is now advertised as containing...Ch. 12 - Two plastic bottles of fresh seltzer water are...Ch. 12 - Would you expect to find more dissolved oxygen in...Ch. 12 - What should be done with mining pits after all...Ch. 12 - What are some of the obstacles people face when...Ch. 12 - Oxygen, O2, dissolves quite well within a class of...Ch. 12 - Prob. 1RATCh. 12 - Prob. 2RATCh. 12 - Why are ores so valuable? a They are sources of...Ch. 12 - In terms of the periodic table, is there an abrupt...Ch. 12 - When nitrogen and fluorine combine to form a...Ch. 12 - Prob. 6RATCh. 12 - Someone argues that you shouldnt drink tap water...Ch. 12 - Prob. 8RATCh. 12 - Fish dont live very longer in water that has just...Ch. 12 - Prob. 10RAT
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