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(a)
Interpretation:
The minimum temperature of the steam used in the plant should be determined.
Concept introduction:
A heat engine is a system that converts thermal energy into mechanical energy. This is carried out by bringing a high temperature working substance into lower temperature. Heat source courses the working substance to become higher state temperature. Then this working substance produces work while transferring heat to a colder sink and become lower state temperature. During this process, some of thermal energy is converted to work, but lots of energy is lost to the environment.
(b)
Interpretation:
Why is the actual steam temperature probably higher than that calculated in part (a)
Concept introduction:
A heat engine is a system that converts thermal energy into mechanical energy. This is carried out by bringing a high temperature working substance into lower temperature. Heat source courses the working substance to become higher state temperature. Then this working substance produces work while transferring heat to a colder sink and become lower state temperature. During this process, some of thermal energy is converted to work, but lots of energy is lost to the environment.
(c)
Interpretation:
The steam pressure at the temperature calculated in part (a) should be determined assuming that at Th the H2O(g) with H2O(l) is in equilibrium.
Concept introduction:
A heat engine is a system that converts thermal energy into mechanical energy. This is carried out by bringing a high temperature working substance into lower temperature. Heat source courses the working substance to become higher state temperature. Then this working substance produces work while transferring heat to a colder sink and become lower state temperature. During this process, some of thermal energy is converted to work, but lots of energy is lost to the environment.
(d)
Interpretation:
Whether it is possible to devise a heat engine with greater than 100% efficiency or with 100% efficiency should be discussed.
Concept introduction:
A heat engine is a system that converts thermal energy into mechanical energy. This is carried out by bringing a high temperature working substance into lower temperature. Heat source courses the working substance to become higher state temperature. Then this working substance produces work while transferring heat to a colder sink and become lower state temperature. During this process, some of thermal energy is converted to work, but lots of energy is lost to the environment
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Chapter 13 Solutions
EBK GENERAL CHEMISTRY
- As the gas trapped in a cylinder with a movable piston cools, 1.34 kJ of work is done on the gas by the surroundings. If the gas is at a constant pressure of 1.33 105 Pa, what is the change of volume (in L) of the gas?arrow_forwardCoal is used as a fuel in some electric-generating plants. Coal is a complex material, but for simplicity we may consider it to be a form of carbon. The energy that can be derived from a fuel is sometimes compared with the enthalpy of the combustion reaction: C(s)+O2(g)CO2(g) Calculate the standard enthalpy change for this reaction at 25C. Actually, only a fraction of the heat from this reaction is available to produce electric energy. In electric generating plants, this reaction is used to generate heat for a steam engine, which turns the generator. Basically the steam engine is a type of heat engine in which steam enters the engine at high temperature (Th), work is done, and the steam then exits at a lower temperature (Tl). The maximum fraction, f, of heat available to produce useful energy depends on the difference between these temperatures (expressed in kelvins), f = (Th Tl)/Th. What is the maximum heat energy available for useful work from the combustion of 1.00 mol of C(s) to CO2(g)? (Assume the value of H calculated at 25C for the heat obtained in the generator.) It is possible to consider more efficient ways to obtain useful energy from a fuel. For example, methane can be burned in a fuel cell to generate electricity directly. The maximum useful energy obtained in these cases is the maximum work, which equals the free-energy change. Calculate the standard free-energy change for the combustion of 1.00 mol of C(s) to CO2(g). Compare this value with the maximum obtained with the heat engine described here.arrow_forwardAs a gas cools, it is compressed from 2.50 L to 1.25 L under a constant pressure of 1.01 105 Pa. Calculate the work (in J) required to compress the gas.arrow_forward
- In which of the following systems is(are) work done by the surroundings on the system? Assume pressure and temperature are constant. a. 2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g) b.CO2(s)CO2(g) c. 4NH3(g)+7O2(g)4NO2(g)+6H2O(g) d.N2O4(g)2NO2(g) e.CaCO3(s)CaCO(s)+CO2(g)arrow_forwardWhen 1.000 g of gaseous butane, C4H10, is burned at 25C and 1.00 atm pressure, H2O(l) and CO2(g) are formed with the evolution of 49.50 kJ of heat. a Calculate the molar enthalpy of formation of butane. (Use enthalpy of formation data for H2O and CO2.) b Gf of butane is 17.2 kJ/mol. What is G for the combustion of 1 mol butane? c From a and b, calculate S for the combustion of 1 mol butane.arrow_forwardA 50-mL solution of a dilute AgNO3 solution is added to 100 mL of a base solution in a coffee-cup calorimeter. As Ag2O(s) precipitates, the temperature of the solution increases from 23.78 C to 25.19 C. Assuming that the mixture has the same specific heat as water and a mass of 150 g, calculate the heat q. Is the precipitation reaction exothermic or endothermic?arrow_forward
- Nitrogen gas (2.75 L) is confined in a cylinder under constant atmospheric pressure (1.01 105 pascals). The volume of gas decreases to 2.10 L when 485 J of energy is transferred as heat to the surroundings. What is the change in internal energy of the gas?arrow_forwardThe formation of aluminum oxide from its elements is highly exothermic. If 2.70 g Al metal is burned in pure O2 to give A12O3, calculate how much thermal energy is evolved in the process (at constant pressure).arrow_forwardA pot of cold water is heated on a stove, and when the water boils, a fresh egg is placed in the water to cook. Describe the events that are occurring in terms of the zeroth law of thermodynamics.arrow_forward
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