Which of the following species will not have permanent dipole moments? (a) Hydrogen cyanide,
Where the bridging hydrogens are perpendicular to the four terminal hydrogens, which are all coplanar
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Chapter 13 Solutions
Physical Chemistry
- Boric acid, B(OH)3 (or H3BO3), does not lose a proton in water, but rather bonds to the O atom of an H2O molecule, which then releases an H+ ion to form the B(OH)4- ion. Use VESPR theory to draw structures, with ideal bond angles, for boric acid and the anion it forms when it reacts with water.arrow_forwardThe dipole moment of gaseous Ag – Cl is ? = 6.08 D, and the bond distance is r(Ag − Cl) = 228. 1 pm. Calculate the percent ionic character for this bond in the gas phase. In solid form it is however, found the following values for the two silver halides Ag − CL and Ag − F: See image Explain why solid silver chloride is sparingly soluble in water, while solid silver fluoride is moderately soluble B) Explain why solid silver chloride is sparingly soluble in water, while solid silver fluoride is moderately soluble Given extra information: Formal charge: ?? = ??? – (??? + ???); where ??? = valence electrons in free atom, ???= free-pair electrons, ??? = number of bonds to the atom. The elementary charge: ? = 1.6022 × 10−19 C.1 Debye (?)= 3.3356 × 10−30 C × m. The dipole moment has definition: ? = ? × ?, where ? is partialcharge in Coulomb (?), ? is the bond distance (?). Picometer: 1 ?? = 1 × 10−12arrow_forwardThionyl chloride (SOCl₂) is a sulfur oxohalide used indus-trially to dehydrate metal halide hydrates. (a) Write a balancedequation for its reaction with magnesium chloride hexahydrate,in which SO₂ and HCl form along with the metal halide. (b) Drawa Lewis structure of SOCl₂ with minimal formal charges.arrow_forward
- (a) Find the angle u between adjacent nearest-neighbor bonds in the silicon lattice. Recall that each silicon atom is bonded to four of its nearest neighbors.The four neighbors form a regular tetrahedron— a pyramid whose sides and base are equilateral triangles. (b) Find the bond length, given that the atoms at the corners of the tetrahedron are 388 pm apart.arrow_forwardAmmonium chloride, NH4Cl, is a very soluble salt in water.(a) Draw the Lewis structures of the ammonium and chlorideions. (b) Is there an N—Cl bond in solid ammonium chloride?(c) If you dissolve 14 g of ammonium chloride in 500.0 mLof water, what is the molar concentration of the solution?(d) How many grams of silver nitrate do you need to add tothe solution in part (c) to precipitate all of the chloride as silverchloride?arrow_forward18. (a) Molecule N₂H4 (1) + 2 H₂O2 (1) → N2(g) + 4 H₂O (1) Complete the following table: Lewis Dot Structure (use dots or lines to show bonds) (b) (c) (d) N₂H4 H₂O2 N₂ H₂O Calculate the AH°rxn using average bond energies (Table 9.4 in textbook) Calculate the AH°rxn using the standard enthalpies of formation (Appendix 2 in textbook) Why are these two values slightly different?arrow_forward
- Propylene, C3H6, is a gas that is used to form the importantpolymer called polypropylene. Its Lewis structure is given. (a) What is the total number of valence electrons in the propylenemolecule? (b) How many valence electrons are usedto make σ bonds in the molecule? (c) How many valenceelectrons are used to make π bonds in the molecule? (d) Howmany valence electrons remain in nonbonding pairs in themolecule? (e) What is the hybridization at each carbon atomin the molecule?arrow_forwardThe sulfate ion can be represented with four S-O bonds or with two S-O and two So=O bonds.(a) Which representation is better from the standpoint of formal charges?(b) What is the shape of the sulfate ion, and what hybrid orbitals of S are postulated for the σ bonding?(c) In view of the answer to part (b), what orbitals of S must be used for the π bonds? What orbitals of O?(d) Draw a diagram to show how one atomic orbital from S and one from O overlap to form a π bond.arrow_forward2(a) Provide the Lewis structures for both CH3OH and C2H3Cl. 2(b) What is the largest bond angle among all the bond angles in CH3OH and C2H3Cl? Listthe three atoms making this largest bond angle, and estimate the value of the angle.2(c) What intermolecular forces are present(i) between CH3OH molecules?(ii) between C2H3Cl molecules?arrow_forward
- Chloral (Cl₃C—CH=O) forms a monohydrate, chloralhydrate, the sleep-inducing depressant called “knockout drops”in old movies. (a) Write two possible structures for chloral hy-drate, one involving hydrogen bonding and one that is a Lewis adduct. (b) What spectroscopic method could be used to identify the real structure? Explain.arrow_forwardArrange the following in the order of the property indicated for each set–(a) F2, Cl2, Br2, I2(Increasing bond dissociation energy).(b) HF, HCl, HBr, HI (decreasing acid strength).(c) NH3, PH3, ASH3, SbH3, BiH3(decreasing base strength).arrow_forwardBriefly describe how the hydration energy of pentahydrated copper sulphate (CuSO4.5H2O) can be determined. State 2 conditions necessary for the formation of a dative or coordinate bond.arrow_forward
- Chemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage Learning