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The coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth was
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Student Study Guide for Chemistry
- 3. (a) Estimate the fractional change in the volume of Earth's oceans due to an average temperature change of 1°C. (b) Use the fact that the average depth of the ocean is 4.00x10^3 m to estimate the change in depth. Note that βwater=2.07x10^-4 (°C) ^-1.arrow_forwardThe calorie (4.184 J) was originally defined as the quantity of energy required to raise the temperature of 1.00 g of liquid water 1.00°C. The British thermal unit (Btu) is defined as the quantity of energy required to raise the temperature of 1.00 lb of liquid water 1.00°F.(a) How many joules are in 1.00 Btu (1 lb 453.6 g; a changeof 1.0°C= 1.8°F)?(b) The therm is a unit of energy consumption and is defined as 100,000 Btu. How many joules are in 1.00 therm?(c) How many moles of methane must be burned to give1.00 therm of energy? (Assume water forms as a gas.)(d) If natural gas costs $0.66 per therm, what is the cost per moleof methane? (Assume natural gas is pure methane.)(e) How much would it cost to warm 318 gal of water in a hottub from 15.0°C to 42.0°C (1 gal 3.78 L)?arrow_forwardThe freezing point of mercury is -38.8°C. What quantity of energy, in joules, is released to the surroundings if 1.90 mL of mercury is cooled from 23.0°C to -38.8°C and then frozen to a solid? (The density of liquid mercury is 13.6 g/cm3. Its specific heat capacity is 0.140 J/g·K and its heat of fusion is 11.4 J/g.)arrow_forward
- Water at the surface of a small pond in Toronto is at the freezing point as the sun sets on a winter day. In one hour, the water loses 5,738,000 J of thermal energy to its surroundings. How much water in the pond turns to ice in that hour? Express your answer in kilograms.arrow_forwardA typical recipe for a hot toddy (a drink often used as a cold remedy) is to mix hot water with whiskey, honey, and lemon juice. A patient heats 16 oz. of 22 oC water on the stove until it has absorbed 33 kcal of energy. He then mixes 2.0 oz. of the hot water with 1.5 oz. of room temperature whiskey (d = 0.94 g/cm3, cs = 3.40 J/g oC, T = 22 oC). What is the temperature of the hot toddy (prior to adding the remaining ingredients)?arrow_forward. Most people find waterbeds uncomfortable unless the water temperature is maintained at about 85 °F. Unless it is heated, a waterbed that contains 892 L of water cools from 85 °F to 72 °F in 24 hours. Estimate the amount of electrical energy required over 24 hours, in kWh, to keep the bed from cooling. Note that 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 3.6 ×× 106 J, and assume that the density of water is 1.0 g/mL (independent of temperature). What other assumptions did you make? How did they affect your calculated result (i.e., were they likely to yield “positive” or “negative” errors)?arrow_forward
- The units of ku are mL (g−1·h−1) but the unit of ke is hour−1. Why?arrow_forwardYou are asked to calibrate a 25 mL volumetric pipet. You determine that the temperature of your distilled water is exactly 24.5 degrees Celsius. You carefully determined the mass of a clean dry beaker and found that it was 57.5513 g. You pulled water up to the mark and transferred this to the beaker and found that the new mass was 82.9344 g. What is the actual volume of the pipet? The density of water at 24.5 degrees Celsius is 0.997983 g/mL.arrow_forwardIn a calorimetry experiment in a Chemistry for Engineers Laboratory class, a 12.9 - g sample of aluminum is heated in a water bath until its temperature is 93 degrees Celsius. It is quickly transferred to a coffee - cup calorimeter containing 50 mL water whose temperature is 27.7 degrees Celsius. The calorimeter was covered and the final temperature of both aluminum and water was read. What is the final temperature, in Celsius, of the two substances rounded off to the second decimal place? The specific heat of aluminum and water are 0.88 J/g °C and 4.184 J/g °C, respectively.arrow_forward
- Which of the following is an example of a physical property of a substance? The substance reacts violently with water. The substance melts at 73.59 oC. The substance was named after a 3rd century AD African philosopher. The substance is used as a tranquilizer. If a reaction or process is exothermic, Heat or energy is neither going into or out of the reaction or process. Heat or energy is going out of the reaction or process. None of these answers. Heat or energy is going into the reaction or process. Which of the following is a chemical property of a substance? The substance reacts violently with hydrogen, producing a green powder. The substance is a bright orange color. The substance melts at 373.3 degrees Celcius. The density of the substance is 3.375 g/ml. Which of the following is a part of quantum mechanics? The smallest indivisible particles of a substance are atoms. The electrons exist as small bits of negative charge existing in…arrow_forwardElectrical energy is measured in kilowatt hours, kWH. A watt is 1 joule per second, a kilowatt is 1000 joules per second. An hour has 3600 seconds, therefore 1kWh=3.6x10^6 joules. How many kWh are there in a meal that is 437 Cal?arrow_forwardA) An iron nail with a mass of 12 gg absorbs 15 J of heat. If the nail was initially at 30 ∘C, what is its final temperature? Express your answer using two significant figures. B) When 47.1 J of heat is added to 13.8 g of a liquid, its temperature rises by 1.74 ∘C. What is the heat capacity of the liquid?arrow_forward
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